分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks) >
Sphyrnidae (Hammerhead, bonnethead, or scoophead sharks)
Etymology: Sphyrna: Probable misspelling of sphyra (Gr.), hammer, referring to their hammer-shaped heads. (See ETYFish); zygaena: zygaina, ancient Greek name for hammerhead sharks, derived from zygon, yoke, alluding to yoke-like shape of cephalofoil. (See ETYFish).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 13562); 深度上下限 0 - 200 m (Ref. 5578), usually 0 - 20 m (Ref. 55303). 亚热带的; 59°N - 55°S, 180°W - 180°E
Widespread in temperate and tropical seas (Ref. 13562). Western Atlantic: Canada to the Virgin Islands; Brazil to Argentina. Eastern Atlantic: British Isles to Côte d'Ivoire, including the Mediterranean. Indo-Pacific: South Africa to Sri Lanka; southern Siberia to Viet Nam (Ref. 13562); southern Australia, New Zealand, and Hawaii (Ref. 13562). Eastern Pacific: northern California, USA to Chile.
广泛分布于温带与热带的海洋。 (参考文献 13562) 西大西洋: 加拿大到维京群岛; 巴西到阿根廷。 东大西洋: 不列颠群岛到科特迪瓦, 包括地中海。 印度-太平洋: 南非至斯里兰卡; 西伯利亚到越南南部;(参考文献 13562) 澳洲南部，纽西兰与夏威夷.(参考文献 13562) 东太平洋: 美国北加州到智利。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 250.0, range 265 - ? cm
Max length : 500 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 35388); common length : 335 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 13562); 最大体重: 400.0 kg (Ref. 9987); 最大年龄: 21 年 (Ref. 116211)
背棘 (总数) : 0; 臀棘: 0. A large hammerhead without a notch at the center of the curved headhead (Ref. 58085); but with prominent lateral indentations; prenarial grooves well-developed; snout short, 1/5 to less than a third of head width; mouth broadly arched (Ref. 114967); the first dorsal fin is moderately high, the second dorsal and pelvic fins are low. Colour olive-grey or dark grey above, white below, and the undersides of the pectoral fin tips dusky (Ref. 58085).
大的 hammerhead 在头部的中心具有一个凹槽; 第一背鳍一般高, 第二背鳍与腹鳍低的.(参考文献 5578) 橄榄灰色或黑的灰色上方, 腹面白色的.(参考文献 5578) 鳍几乎单色，暗色的或黑色的顶端.(参考文献 13562)
Occurs inshore and well offshore (Ref. 5578), over continental and insular shelves (Ref. 244). Coastal, pelagic, and semi-oceanic, but often bottom associated at 1-139 m (Ref. 58302). Migrates northward in summer; young often in large aggregations of hundreds of individuals (Ref. 13562). Prefers to feed on small sharks, skates and stingrays, but also preys on bony fishes, shrimps, crabs, barnacles and cephalopods (Ref. 244). Viviparous (Ref. 50449). Regarded as being dangerous to people, though only few can be tentatively attributed to this species due to its occurrence in temperate waters (Ref. 244). Reported to cause poisoning (Ref. 4690). Caught occasionally by shark and tuna longline fisheries (Ref.58048). Meat utilized fresh, dried-salted, and possibly smoked for human consumption; liver oil for vitamins, fins for soup, hide for leather, and carcasses for fishmeal (Ref. 244). Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166). Become sexually mature when 250 to 300 cm long. The female gives birth to 30 - 40 young (Ref. 35388).
生活于近海与相当外海 (参考文献 5578), 遍及大陆棚与岛屿棚.(参考文献 244) 在夏天向北回游; 常见于数以百计个体的大群集中的幼鱼.(参考文献 13562) 偏爱觅食小的鲨鱼，魟鱼与魟, 也捕食硬骨鱼类，虾，螃蟹，藤壶与头足类动物.(参考文献 244) 胎生的.(参考文献 50449) 被认为在对人类有危险性, 虽然唯一的很少可能是归因于暂时的这种在温带的水域中由于它的发生.(参考文献 244) 报告引起毒害。 (参考文献 4690) 肉生鲜利用，干燥盐腌, 而且可能地烟熏了供人类消費; 肝油用於維他命 , 鰭用於湯, 隱藏用做皮革 , 與殘骸用於魚粉。 (參考文獻 244) 被用於中藥材了。 (參考文獻 12166) 性成熟了當 250 到 300 公分長。 母魚生產到 30- 40個幼魚.(參考文獻 35388)
Viviparous, placental (Ref. 50449), with 20 to 50 young per litter (Ref. 6871)after a gestation period of 10-11 months (Ref.58048). Size at birth between 50-60 cm TL (Ref. 13562).广泛分布于温带与热带的海洋。 (参考文献 13562) 西大西洋: 加拿大到维京群岛; 巴西到阿根廷。 东大西洋: 不列颠群岛到科特迪瓦, 包括地中海。 印度-太平洋: 南非至斯里兰卡; 西伯利亚到越南南部;(参考文献 13562) 澳洲南部，纽西兰与夏威夷.(参考文献 13562) 东太平洋: 美国北加州到智利。
Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 244)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 11.8 - 28.9, mean 26.5 °C (based on 3124 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5029 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00398 (0.00298 - 0.00532), b=3.08 (3.00 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.9 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 11.0 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (tmax=21; tm=8.8; Fec=20-40).
Prior r = 0.28, 95% CL = 0.19 - 0.42, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (68 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 6.91 [1.40, 36.90] mg/100g; Iron = 0.597 [0.147, 1.835] mg/100g; Protein = 21 [19, 23] %; Omega3 = 0.181 [0.072, 0.443] g/100g; Selenium = 28.1 [9.1, 75.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.26 [1.94, 20.86] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.362 [0.178, 0.681] mg/100g (wet weight);
