分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks)
真鯊目 (Ground sharks) >
Sphyrnidae (Hammerhead, bonnethead, or scoophead sharks)
丫髻鮫科 (Hammerhead, bonnethead, or scoophead sharks)
Etymology: Sphyrna: Probable misspelling of sphyra (Gr.), hammer, referring to their hammer-shaped heads. (See ETYFish); zygaena: zygaina, ancient Greek name for hammerhead sharks, derived from zygon, yoke, alluding to yoke-like shape of cephalofoil. (See ETYFish).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 13562); 深度上下限 0 - 200 m (Ref. 5578), usually 0 - 20 m (Ref. 55303). 亞熱帶的; 59°N - 55°S, 180°W - 180°E
Widespread in temperate and tropical seas (Ref. 13562). Western Atlantic: Canada to the Virgin Islands; Brazil to Argentina. Eastern Atlantic: British Isles to Côte d'Ivoire, including the Mediterranean. Indo-Pacific: South Africa to Sri Lanka; southern Siberia to Viet Nam (Ref. 13562); southern Australia, New Zealand, and Hawaii (Ref. 13562). Eastern Pacific: northern California, USA to Chile.
廣泛分佈於溫帶與熱帶的海洋。 (參考文獻 13562) 西大西洋: 加拿大到維京群島; 巴西到阿根廷。 東大西洋: 不列顛群島到象牙海岸, 包括地中海。 印度-太平洋: 南非至斯里蘭卡; 西伯利亞到澳洲南部，紐西蘭 (參考文獻 5755) 與夏威夷。 東太平洋: 美國北加州到智利。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 250.0, range 265 - ? cm
Max length : 500 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 35388); common length : 335 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 13562); 最大體重: 400.0 kg (Ref. 9987); 最大年齡: 21 年 (Ref. 116211)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 臀棘: 0. A large hammerhead without a notch at the center of the curved headhead (Ref. 58085); but with prominent lateral indentations; prenarial grooves well-developed; snout short, 1/5 to less than a third of head width; mouth broadly arched (Ref. 114967); the first dorsal fin is moderately high, the second dorsal and pelvic fins are low. Colour olive-grey or dark grey above, white below, and the undersides of the pectoral fin tips dusky (Ref. 58085).
大的 hammerhead 在頭部的中心具有一個凹槽; 第一背鰭一般高, 第二背鰭與腹鰭低的.(參考文獻 5578) 橄欖灰色或黑的灰色上方, 腹面白色的.(參考文獻 5578) 鰭幾乎單色﹐暗色的或黑色的頂端.(參考文獻 13562)
Occurs inshore and well offshore (Ref. 5578), over continental and insular shelves (Ref. 244). Coastal, pelagic, and semi-oceanic, but often bottom associated at 1-139 m (Ref. 58302). Migrates northward in summer; young often in large aggregations of hundreds of individuals (Ref. 13562). Prefers to feed on small sharks, skates and stingrays, but also preys on bony fishes, shrimps, crabs, barnacles and cephalopods (Ref. 244). Viviparous (Ref. 50449). Regarded as being dangerous to people, though only few can be tentatively attributed to this species due to its occurrence in temperate waters (Ref. 244). Reported to cause poisoning (Ref. 4690). Caught occasionally by shark and tuna longline fisheries (Ref.58048). Meat utilized fresh, dried-salted, and possibly smoked for human consumption; liver oil for vitamins, fins for soup, hide for leather, and carcasses for fishmeal (Ref. 244). Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166). Become sexually mature when 250 to 300 cm long. The female gives birth to 30 - 40 young (Ref. 35388).
生活於近海與相當外海 (參考文獻 5578), 遍及大陸棚與島嶼棚.(參考文獻 244) 海岸的, 大洋性 , 與半-大洋性的, 但是時常底部在 1-139 公尺聯合.(參考文獻 58302) 在夏天向北迴游; 常見於數以百計個體的大群集中的幼魚.(參考文獻 13562) 偏愛覓食小的鯊魚，魟魚與魟, 也捕食硬骨魚類，蝦，螃蟹，藤壺與頭足類動物.(參考文獻 244) 胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 被認為在對人類有危險性, 雖然唯一的很少可能是歸因於暫時的這種在溫帶的水域中由於它的發生.(參考文獻 244) 報告引起毒害。 (參考文獻 4690) 肉生鮮利用，乾燥鹽醃, 而且可能地煙燻.供人類消費; 肝油用於維他命 , 鰭用於湯, 隱藏用做皮革 , 與殘骸用於魚粉。 (參考文獻 244) 被用於中藥材.。 (參考文獻 12166) 性成熟.當 250 到 300 公分長。 母魚生產到 30- 40個幼魚.(參考文獻 35388)
Viviparous, placental (Ref. 50449), with 20 to 50 young per litter (Ref. 6871)after a gestation period of 10-11 months (Ref.58048). Size at birth between 50-60 cm TL (Ref. 13562).廣泛分佈於溫帶與熱帶的海洋。 (參考文獻 13562) 西大西洋: 加拿大到維京群島; 巴西到阿根廷。 東大西洋: 不列顛群島到象牙海岸, 包括地中海。 印度-太平洋: 南非至斯里蘭卡; 西伯利亞到澳洲南部，紐西蘭 (參考文獻 5755) 與夏威夷。 東太平洋: 美國北加州到智利。
Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 244)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 11.8 - 28.9, mean 26.5 °C (based on 3124 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5029 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00398 (0.00298 - 0.00532), b=3.08 (3.00 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.9 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 11.0 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (tmax=21; tm=8.8; Fec=20-40).
Prior r = 0.28, 95% CL = 0.19 - 0.42, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (68 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 6.91 [1.40, 36.90] mg/100g; Iron = 0.597 [0.147, 1.835] mg/100g; Protein = 21 [19, 23] %; Omega3 = 0.181 [0.072, 0.443] g/100g; Selenium = 28.1 [9.1, 75.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.26 [1.94, 20.86] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.362 [0.178, 0.681] mg/100g (wet weight);
