分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes)
鰈形目 (Flatfishes) >
Soleidae (Soles)
鰨科 (Soles)
Etymology: Solea: Latin, solea = sandal (shoe); refered to the flat shape of the fish (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Kaup.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 12 - 100 m (Ref. 5304). 亞熱帶的; 47°N - 16°S, 19°W - 14°E
Eastern Atlantic: Mainly Central Atlantic (from France to Angola). Western Mediterranean: Herculean migrant (entered the Mediterranean via Gibraltar) (Ref. 43448).
東大西洋: 北至南大西洋。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5304); common length : 45.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 26999)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 72 - 95; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 60 - 75; 脊椎骨: 44 - 46. Last ray of dorsal and anal fins joined by a low membrane to the base of the caudal fin. Supratemporal branch of lateral line forming an arch. Anterior nostril on the blind side not enlarged, its diameter about half that of the eye; it is situated rather close to the front margin of head, the distance slightly greater than that separating the nostril from the mouth cleft, 1:1-1.4. Length of scales above nasal tube on ocular side much less than the length of the tube. Gill rakers like short knobs on first gill arch on ocular side. Pectoral fin on the ocular side with a black botch over the whole middle and distal part of the fin; blind side whitish (Ref. 32649).
背鰭與臀鰭的最後鰭條被一個低的薄膜到尾鰭基底連結了。 側線形成一個弓的上顳骨分支。 在沒有眼睛的一邊上的前鼻孔不增大了, 它的直徑大約一半眼的; 它相當被位於接近頭部的在前面邊緣，距離些微大於那分開來自劈開的嘴巴， 1:1-1.4 的鼻孔. 在鼻的管上面的鱗片的長度在有眼睛的一邊上遠小於管的長度。 鰓耙在有眼睛的一邊上的第一個鰓弓上類似短的癤瘤。 在眼睛的側邊上的胸鰭具有一個在整個的中央與鰭的末梢部部份上的黑色拙笨的修補; 沒有眼睛的一邊微白色的.(參考文獻 32649)
Flatfish with oval and asymmetric body (eyes on the right side). Interradial membrane on the pectoral fin on the eye
side is of black colour(A). This feature distinguishes it from common sole (Solea soled), which has a big black compact spot on the posterior side of this fin. In the Atlantic, from the Gulf of Biscay to the coasts of Senegal. Less frequent in the Western Meditarranean.
A predominantly littoral species. Benthonic marine species living in sandy or muddy bottoms, off coastal areas up to
100 m depth and in brackish lakes.Feeds basically on benthonic invertebrate, such as larvae from polychaets and
bivalve molluscs. Also on small crustaceans.Sexual maturity is reached when size is 30 cm. Spawning happens beween the months of March until June. Maximum depth reported taken from Ref. 127989.
一個主要海濱的種。
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
東大西洋: 北至南大西洋。
Desoutter, M., 1990. Soleidae. p. 1037-1049. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 5304)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 實驗的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.6 - 21.6, mean 18.6 °C (based on 46 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00813 (0.00538 - 0.01227), b=3.05 (2.92 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.45 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 6.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 125 [47, 316] mg/100g; Iron = 0.902 [0.386, 1.792] mg/100g; Protein = 17.3 [15.4, 19.2] %; Omega3 = 0.124 [0.066, 0.233] g/100g; Selenium = 29.6 [10.7, 97.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.9 [3.4, 40.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.654 [0.349, 1.413] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
