分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Issue
Spelling following ECoF.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 3 - 90 m (Ref. 30573). 熱帶; 42°N - 34°S, 30°E - 170°E (Ref. 114953)
Indo-West Pacific: Persian Gulf (Ref. 68964), Red Sea and East Africa to Papua New Guinea, north to Japan, south to New South Wales, Australia.
印度-西太平洋: 紅海而且東非到巴布亞新幾內亞,北至日本, 南至澳洲新南威爾斯。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 164.0, range 150 - 178 cm
Max length : 300 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 58784); 最大體重: 135.0 kg (Ref. 9987)
An unmistakable guitarfish with a broad, rounded snout, large, high pectoral fins, and heavy ridges of spiky thorns over the eyes and on the back and shoulders; jaws with heavily ridged, crushing teeth in undulating rows (Ref. 5578). Grey or brownish above (Ref. 5578), white below; numerous white spots dorsally on fins, body and tail; black spots on head and shoulders but no eyespots or ocelli (Ref. 3919).
一個明顯的犁頭鰩具有一個寬的, 圓的吻﹐大的﹐和高的胸鰭 , 與在眼上的尖刺的大的隆起與在背部與肩上; 頜部有很大的隆起，量多的牙齒成波浪形排列.(參考文獻 5578) 灰色或上方褐色的 (參考文獻 5578), 腹面白色的; 很多的白色斑點在鰭，身體與尾部背面上; 在頭部與肩上的黑色的斑點但是沒有眼斑或假眼斑.(參考文獻 3919)
Inhabits coastal areas and on coral reefs, close inshore (Ref. 9915). Found on sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 12951). Sometimes found in the water column (Ref. 12951). Feeds mainly on bottom crustaceans and mollusks (Ref. 9915). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Produces litters of 2-11 pups (Ref. 114953). A row of large spines present above the eye, on the center of the nape, and on the shoulder have a defensive function (can be used for butting). Caught commonly by demersal tangle net, and occasionally trawl and longline fisheries (Ref.58048). Difficult to handle and can damage the catch when caught in trawls (Ref. 9915). Utilized fresh and dried-salted; the pectoral fins are the only part which is eaten (Ref. 9987).
棲息於沿岸區域與在珊瑚礁，近岸上.(參考文獻 9915) 棲息於沙與泥底部了。 (參考文獻 12951) 有時發現於水團。 (參考文獻 12951) 主要吃底部甲殼動物與軟體動物。 (參考文獻 9915) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 一排在後頸的中心上,大的棘位於眼之上, 而且在肩上有一個防禦的功能.(能被用來但是) 困難的觸摸而且能損壞網具在拖網當被捕捉時.(參考文獻 9915) 生鮮使用與乾燥鹽醃; 胸鰭是被吃的 的唯一的部份。 (參考文獻 9987)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). With 4 in a litter (Ref. 12951). Size at birth 45 cm (Ref. 12951).印度-西太平洋: 紅海而且東非到巴布亞新幾內亞,北至日本, 南至澳洲新南威爾斯。
Compagno, L.J.V. and P.R. Last, 1999. Rhinidae (=Rhynchobatidae). Wedgefishes. p. 1418-1422. In K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9915)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
極危 (CR) (A2bd); Date assessed: 03 December 2018
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
工具
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.4 - 29.1, mean 28.1 °C (based on 1422 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00372 (0.00166 - 0.00830), b=3.11 (2.91 - 3.31), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.50 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Fec=4).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 6.66 [1.37, 27.05] mg/100g; Iron = 0.311 [0.072, 0.881] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [17.3, 21.6] %; Omega3 = 0.0694 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 45.3 [13.9, 139.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 26.1 [8.3, 82.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.722 [0.351, 1.434] mg/100g (wet weight);
