(كوسه ها و سپرماهيان) (sharks and rays) >
Rajiformes (Skates and rays) >
Rajidae (Skates)
Etymology: Dipturus: Greek, di = two + Greek, pteryx = fin (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
بوم شناسي
دريايي موجوداتی که در اعماق زیر 200 متر زندگی و تغذیه می کنند; تغييرات عمق 70 - 1461 m (Ref. 114953), usually ? - 200 m (Ref. 114953). Deep-water; 65°N - 11°N, 19°W - 36°E (Ref. 114953)
Eastern Atlantic: central Norway to Senegal, including the Faeroes, Skagerrak, Mediterranean, and the Canary and Madeira islands.
Size / Weight / سن
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 150 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 4426)
Found in deeper slope waters (Ref. 4426), but mainly around 200 m (Ref. 3167, Ref. 114953). Found on sand and sand-rock bottoms (Ref. 6808). Feeds on all kinds of bottom animals (Ref. 3167), mainly cephalopods and crustaceans (Ref. 114953). Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 6808. Become sexually mature at a length of about 120 cm (Ref. 35388); young hatch at ca. 17 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Breeds in spring and early summer (Ref. 114953). Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 14.0-23.5 cm long and 11.0-12.0 cm wide (Ref. 41251, 41304).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | تولید مثل | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | توزاد ( لارو)
Oviparous, paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Egg cases laid from spring to early summer (Ref. 3167). Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205).
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)
وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435)
خطر برای انسان ها
Harmless
استفاده انسانی
ماهي گيري – شيلات: ارزش تحاري اندك
ابزارها
گزارش های ويژه
بارگيری XML
منابع اينترنتي
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 5.4 - 14.4, mean 10.2 °C (based on 239 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00141 (0.00121 - 0.00165), b=3.22 (3.18 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
جهندگی (Ref.
120179): پايين ، كم, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت 5/4 – 14 سال (Assuming tm>5).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 3.09 [0.44, 60.75] mg/100g; Iron = 0.268 [0.026, 3.558] mg/100g; Protein = 15.3 [13.2, 17.3] %; Omega3 = 0.393 [0.162, 0.962] g/100g; Selenium = 20.7 [3.7, 95.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 3.17 [0.23, 43.29] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.251 [0.017, 3.009] mg/100g (wet weight);
