Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Sinh thái học
; Nước ngọt; Thuộc về nước lợ gần đáy; sống cả ở nước ngọt và nuớc mặn (Ref. 51243). Tropical; 22°N - 19°N
Oceania: Hawaii. Reported from USA (Ref. 3881).
Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 33.0 cm SL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 44091)
Generally brown to black in color; pelvic fins separate rather than fused into a disc; young fish <2.5 cm long are distinctively jet black on the upper body and lighter on the sides and belly (Ref. 44091).
Found in both altered and unaltered streams, but being unable to climb waterfalls restricts its habitat to the lower reaches of streams and estuaries; can be observed darting into the mud and leaf litter, or sheltering among rocks and cobble, rarely showing in the open; highly predaceous on various invertebrates, e.g. slow-moving thiarid snails and asiatic clams, and fishes; traditionally caught with a baited hook attached to a short stick (fishing method called kiomo'omo); relished as a food item, particularly when wrapped with leaves and roasted; now prized as bait by near-shore papio fisherman (Ref. 44091).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Sự tái sinh sản | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Ấu trùng
Tinker, S.W., 1978. Fishes of Hawaii, a handbook of the marine fishes of Hawaii and the Central Pacific Ocean. Hawaiian Service Inc., Honolulu. 568 p. (Ref. 583)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Các nghề cá: Tính thương mại; mồi: usually
Các công cụ
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00535 - 0.02352), b=3.19 (3.00 - 3.38), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref.
120179): Trung bình, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 1.4 - 4.4 năm (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100).