分类 / Names
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Teleostei >
Mulliformes (Goatfishes) >
Mullidae (Goatfishes)
Etymology: Parupeneus: Latin, parum, parvum = small + Peneus, the name of a river.
More on authors: Quoy & Gaimard.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 礁区鱼类; 深度上下限 0 - 161 m (Ref. 54393). 热带; 30°N - 32°S, 92°E - 132°W
Pacific Ocean: Christmas Island in the eastern Indian Ocean to the Hawaiian, Line, Marquesan, and Tuamoto islands, north to southern Japan, south to Lord Howe and Rapa Islands.
太平洋: 东印度洋的圣诞岛到夏威夷群岛，列岛群岛，马贵斯群岛与 Tuamoto 岛, 北至日本南部, 南至罗得豪岛与拉帕群岛。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 11.0, range 14 - ? cm
Max length : 35.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 48636); 17.9 cm SL (female); common length : 20.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 9947); 最大体重: 453.00 g (Ref. 4887)
背棘 (总数) : 8; 背的软条 (总数) : 9; 臀棘: 1; 臀鳍软条: 7. Diagnosis: Pectoral rays 16 (rarely 15 or 17). Gill rakers 7-10 + 28-33 (total 36-41). Body depth 3.1-3.65 in SL; head length (HL) 2.8-3.1 in SL; dorsal profile of snout straight to slightly concave, the length 1.65-1.95 in HL; barbels long, their length 1.0-1.3 in HL; longest dorsal spine 1.5-1.75 in HL; last dorsal soft ray notably longer than penultimate ray, the latter contained 1.15-1.45 in length of the former; posterior margin of caudal-fin lobes convex; pectoral-fin length 1.35-1.55 in HL; pelvic-fin length 1.25-1.45 in HL. Body gray to red, the margins of the scales often yellow, with a broad black bar on caudal peduncle and one beneath anterior part of second dorsal fin, the area between bars paler than rest of body (sometimes white); a narrow dusky bar often present below interdorsal space, and one or two broad dark bars may be present anteriorly on side of body; head usually with a dark brown band from above upper lip through eye to upper end of gill opening; caudal fin yellowish to pink with narrow blue lengthwise bands; basal half of second dorsal fin of adults dusky anteriorly, black posteriorly, the outer half with narrow dark-edged blue and yellow bands; anal fin like outer part of second dorsal fin (Ref. 54393).
鉴别: 胸鳍鳍条 16.(很少地 15 或 17) 鳃耙 7-10+28-33.(总数 36-41) 体高 3.1-3.65 分之一标准体长; 头长 (HL)2.8-3.1 分之一标准体长; 背面轮廓吻笔直地到些微地凹曲, 长度 1.65-1.95个 HL比率; 触须长的, 他们的长度 1.0-1.3个 HL比率; 长的背棘 1.5-1.75个 HL比率; 最后的背部软鳍条特别地长度超过倒数第二的鳍条, 后者包含了先前者的 1.15-1.45个长; 尾鳍叶凸状的后缘; 胸鳍长度 1.35-1.55个 HL比率; 腹鰭長度 1.25-1.45個 HL比率。 對紅色的身體灰色, 鱗片的邊緣時常黃色的, 具有一個寬的黑色橫帶在尾梗上與一個在下面第二背鰭鰭的前部, 在橫帶之間的區域比身體的其餘部分灰白;(有時白色的) 一個狹窄的暗色條紋時常在間背片的間隙之下呈現，而且一或二條寬的深色橫帶可能是存在的前面地在身體側邊上; 頭部通常有深褐色的條紋從上方上嘴唇經過眼睛到鰓裂的上端; 尾鰭淡黃色的到粉紅色的有狹窄的藍色縱長條紋; 成魚的基部一半第二背鰭鰭暗色的前面地, 黑色的在後部地，外部的一半有狹窄的黑色邊的藍色與黃色的條紋; 臀鰭類似第二背鰭鰭的外部部份。 (參考文獻 54393)
This occasionally schooling species occurs over sand patches as well as rubble, consolidated limestone, or coral bottoms from reef flats and shallow lagoons (Ref. 1602). Benthopelagic (Ref. 58302). Feeds primarily on small crabs and shrimps during the day (Ref. 1602), also demersal fish eggs, mollusks, and foraminiferans (Ref. 37816). Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 128797.
这个偶然群游性种发生在沙子区块以及来自礁石平台与泻湖浅滩的碎石，坚硬的石灰石或珊瑚底部。 主要吃小的螃蟹与虾在白天期间 (参考文献 1602), 也底栖的鱼卵，软件动物与有孔虫.(参考文献 37816) 最小深度报告取自参考文献 30874 。
太平洋: 东印度洋的圣诞岛到夏威夷群岛，列岛群岛，马贵斯群岛与 Tuamoto 岛, 北至日本南部, 南至罗得豪岛与拉帕群岛。
Randall, J.E., 2004. Revision of the goatfish genus Parupeneus (Perciformes: Mullidae), with descriptions of two new species. Indo-Pac. Fish. (36):64 p. (Ref. 54393)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 水族馆: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.8 - 28.9, mean 27.3 °C (based on 584 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01288 (0.01042 - 0.01593), b=3.10 (3.07 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 1.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增时间少于 15个月 (K=0.756; Fec = 7,929).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (21 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 38 [18, 86] mg/100g; Iron = 0.353 [0.177, 0.770] mg/100g; Protein = 17.9 [14.5, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.141 [0.077, 0.262] g/100g; Selenium = 74.2 [34.5, 183.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 136 [27, 622] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.52 [0.31, 1.01] mg/100g (wet weight);
