Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水; 深度上下限 0 - 50 m (Ref. 82332). 熱帶; 31°N - 25°S, 30°E - 172°W (Ref. 189)
Indo-Pacific: widespread in Indian Ocean, including Red Sea, coasts of East Africa to Madagascar and Mauritius, Sri Lanka and Andaman Islands, but no Indian specimens known (Ref. 189); and in western central Pacific, including Indonesia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, northern and eastern coasts of Australia, and eastward to Tonga (Ref. 189). No records are known from South China Sea or to the north, but the Ogasawara, Bonin Islands, record seems reliable (Ref. 189). Its occurrence in Thailand (Ref. 1632) needs confirmation.
印度-太平洋: 紅海到莫三比克 , 馬達加斯加與模里西斯,東至美屬薩摩亞, 北至菲律賓者，加羅林群島與馬里亞納群島。 小笠原群島 (博寧島) 記錄似乎可靠。 沒有印度的標本。 可能出現在波斯灣。 需再確認的在泰國 (參考文獻 1632) 的發生。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 16.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 54980); common length : 10.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5450)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 14 - 16; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 29 - 34. Diagnosis: Body not strongly compressed, belly rounded before pelvic fins, with 4-9 pre-pelvic and 7-10 post-pelvic scutes, the pre-pelvic scutes ending below the pectoral fin base or behind it; in total 12-18 keeled scutes; maxilla short, reaching to just beyond front border of pre-operculum, tip pointed; gillrakers 18 to 26 (Ref. 189). It closely resembles Thryssa encrasicholoides, which has 1 or 2 small but armless keeled scutes immediately behind the isthmus, also maxilla tip blunter; other species of Thryssa have a complete series of pre-pelvic scutes from isthmus to pelvic fin base; Stolephorus species lack post-pelvic scutes; and Lycothrissa has canine teeth (Ref. 189).
腹面圓形的以前腹鰭有 4 到 9+7 到 10=12 到 18個有龍骨的鱗甲, 前腹鰭鱗甲在胸鰭基底或在後下面終止它。 顎骨短, 正好延伸到超過前鰓蓋的前緣, 頂端尖的。
Marine, pelagic and presumably schooling (Ref. 189, 1602, 5213), at depths of 0-50m (Ref. 82332). Found mostly inshore in bays, lagoons, harbours, mangrove pools and estuaries, thus apparently able to tolerate lowered salinities (Ref. 189, 30573). It contributes to general clupeoid catches, but no special fishery (Ref. 189). Used as a baitfish in Pacific Ocean (Ref. 189).
大部分發現於近海海灣，潟湖，港灣，紅樹林水池與河口了, 如此顯然地能容忍低鹽度。 棲息於混濁的水域, 形成大群魚群。 (參考文獻 1602) 也使用環狀網捕捉。 (參考文獻 5213) 當作鮪魚誘餌使用。
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
印度-太平洋: 紅海到莫三比克 , 馬達加斯加與模里西斯,東至美屬薩摩亞, 北至菲律賓者，加羅林群島與馬里亞納群島。 小笠原群島 (博寧島) 記錄似乎可靠。 沒有印度的標本。 可能出現在波斯灣。 需再確認的在泰國 (參考文獻 1632) 的發生。
Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189)
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 誘餌: usually
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 25.9 - 29.1, mean 28.2 °C (based on 1158 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00525 (0.00304 - 0.00906), b=3.23 (3.08 - 3.38), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 2.9 ±0.26 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 1.1 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (14 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 252 [138, 574] mg/100g; Iron = 2.01 [1.12, 3.61] mg/100g; Protein = 18.7 [17.2, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.476 [0.242, 0.968] g/100g; Selenium = 35.7 [17.1, 75.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 30.5 [8.0, 82.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 2.04 [1.38, 3.01] mg/100g (wet weight);
