Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
marina; brackvatten bottenlevande; djupintervall 55 - 73 m (Ref. 5951). Temperate; 50°N - 29°N, 82°W - 52°W
Western Atlantic: Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada to northern Florida in USA.
Length at first maturity / Size / Vikt / Age
Maturity: Lm 21.9 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 45.7 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 5951); rapporterad maxålder: 7 år (Ref. 1093)
Occurs from shore to 45 m depth, occasionally in deeper water.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Reproduktion | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larver
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fiskeri: kommersiell
Verktyg
Special reports
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.9 - 10.4, mean 4.7 °C (based on 23 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5645 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01023 (0.00778 - 0.01346), b=2.99 (2.92 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 4.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Mellan, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 1,4-4,4 år (K=0.24).
Prior r = 0.18, 95% CL = 0.12 - 0.28, Based on 2 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (58 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 41.4 [18.6, 70.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.163 [0.064, 0.733] mg/100g; Protein = 18.9 [17.4, 20.4] %; Omega3 = 0.279 [0.149, 0.526] g/100g; Selenium = 11.6 [5.3, 26.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 13.9 [3.8, 53.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.234 [0.136, 0.778] mg/100g (wet weight);
