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Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758)

Common sole
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Solea solea   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Solea solea (Common sole)
Solea solea
Picture by Canosa, C. & B.F. Souto

Classification / Names Tên thường gặp | Các synonym ( Các tên trùng) | Catalog of Fishes(Giống, Các loài) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Soleidae (Soles)
Etymology: Solea: Latin, solea = sandal (shoe); refered to the flat shape of the fish (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Sinh thái học

Biển; Thuộc về nước lợ gần đáy; Ở đại duơng, biển (Ref. 51243); Mức độ sâu 0 - 150 m (Ref. 35388), usually 10 - 60 m (Ref. 6302). Subtropical; 8°C - 24°C (Ref. 4944); 64°N - 14°N, 25°W - 38°E (Ref. 54889)

Sự phân bố Các nước | Các khu vực của FAO | Các hệ sinh thái | Những lần xuất hiện | Point map | Những chỉ dẫn | Faunafri

Eastern Atlantic: southward from Trondheim Fjord (including North Sea and western Baltic) and Mediterranean Sea (including Sea of Marmara, Bosporus and southwestern Black Sea) (Ref. 4710). Elsewhere, southward to Senegal (Ref. 4710), including Cape Verde (Ref. 5304).

Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age

Maturity: Lm 30.3  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 70.0 cm SL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 4710); common length : 35.0 cm SL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 5504); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 3.0 kg (Ref. 5504); Tuổi cực đại được báo cáo: 26 các năm (Ref. 32766)

Short description Khóa để định loại | Hình thái học | Sinh trắc học

Các tia vây lưng cứng (tổng cộng) : 0; Các vây lưng mềm (tổng cộng) : 69 - 97; Tia cứng vây hậu môn: 0; Tia mềm vây hậu môn: 53 - 80; Động vật có xương sống: 46 - 52. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body oval, flat and asymmetric; eyes located on right side of head, except in reversed individuals (Ref. 57416). Upper eye less than its own diameter from dorsal profile of head (Ref. 4710). Anterior nostril on blind side not enlarged (Ref. 4710, 57416), but surrounded by small rim (Ref. 57416). Its distance from front margin of head 1.5-1.9x in its distance from cleft of mouth; anterior nostril on eyed side with backward-pointing tube not or only barely reaching front border of lower eye (Ref. 4710). Preopercle covered by skin and opercle entirely scaled; mouth arched and inferior; dorsal and anal fins lacking spinous rays and united to caudal fin by well-developed membrane, but caudal peduncle distinct; dorsal fin originating on horizontal axis through upper eye; pectoral fin on eyed side asymmetrical, with 7-10 rays, and on blind side slightly shorter; straight part of lateral line visible, supratemporal part slightly arched above eyes; body covered with rectangular ctenoid scales (Ref. 57416).

Sinh học     Tự điển (thí dụ epibenthic)

Adults occur at a temperature range of 8.0-24.0°C (Ref. 4944). Usually solitary. They burrow into sandy and muddy bottoms. Retreat to deeper water during winter (Ref. 9988). Juveniles are found during the first 2 to 3 years in coastal nurseries (bays and nurseries) before migrating to deeper waters (Ref. 92286). Adults feed on worms, mollusks and small crustaceans at night. Waden sea is the most important nursery area. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Recruitment is very variable. Frequently found pelagically during spawning migrations (Ref. 35388). Marketed fresh and frozen; utilized steamed, fried, broiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Sự tái sinh sản | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Ấu trùng

Spawning takes place in shallow coastal waters at temperatures of 6 - 12°C. Reproduction starts after 3-5 years of age, when 25-30cm size is reached. Spawning happens mainly during the months of February-May (for example, off the coasts of Galicia), although in warmer areas (such as the Mediterranean), it can occur at the beginning of the winter. Incubation lasts about 5 days (at 1 2°) and larval phase 35 days (at 18°C).

Main reference Upload your references | Các tài liệu tham khảo | Người điều phối | Người cộng tác

Desoutter, M., 1992. Soleidae. p. 860-865. In C. Levêque, D. Paugy, and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres d'Afrique de l'Ouest Tome 2. Faune Tropicale n° 28. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique and O.R.S.T.O.M., Paris, France, 902. (Ref. 7395)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

  Data deficient (DD) ; Date assessed: 15 July 2014

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

  Harmless





Human uses

Các nghề cá: tính thương mại cao; Nuôi trồng thủy sản: Tính thương mại; cá để chơi: đúng; Bể nuôi cá: Bể cá công cộng
FAO - Aquaculture systems: Sản xuất; Các nghề cá: landings, species profile; Publication: search | FIRMS - Stock assessments | FishSource | Biển chung quanh ta

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Anatomy
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Nutrients
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AFORO (otoliths) | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | BOLDSystems | Websites from users | Check FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Giống, Các loài | DiscoverLife | DORIS | ECOTOX | FAO - Aquaculture systems: Sản xuất; Các nghề cá: landings, species profile; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GenBank: genome, nucleotide | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | Các cơ sở dữ liệu quốc gia | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Bể cá công cộng | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | Cây Đời sống | Wikipedia: Go, tìm | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Tạp chí Zoological Record

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 9 - 20, mean 11.4 °C (based on 678 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5020   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00724 (0.00632 - 0.00830), b=3.07 (3.03 - 3.11), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref. 69278):  3.2   ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 3.9 (3.2 - 4.6) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 31 growth studies.
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref. 120179):  Trung bình, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 1.4 - 4.4 năm (K=0.21-0.33; tm=3-5; tmax=26; Fec=100,000).
Prior r = 0.50, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.75, Based on 40 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
Price category (Ref. 80766):   Very high.
Nutrients (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 79.8 [29.8, 184.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.915 [0.416, 1.919] mg/100g; Protein = 18.3 [16.6, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.224 [0.141, 0.343] g/100g; Selenium = 17.2 [6.8, 47.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.77 [1.36, 16.81] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.453 [0.263, 1.007] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.