Elasmobranchii (haaien en roggen) (sharks and rays) >
Torpediniformes (Electric rays) >
Torpedinidae (Electric rays)
Etymology: Torpedo: Latin, torpere = be sluggish (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Risso.
Milieu: milieu / Klimaatzone / Diepte / verspreidingsgebied
Ecologie
marien; brak water rifbewoner; diepte 2 - 370 m (Ref. 4430). Subtropical; ? - 20°C (Ref. 10011); 60°N - 34°S, 19°W - 36°E (Ref. 114953)
Eastern Atlantic: northern UK (less common in southern North Sea and Kattegat) to Cape of Good Hope, South Africa; including the Mediterranean Sea.
Lengte bij maturiteit / Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturiteit: Lm 44.0, range 39 - 49 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 27000); common length : 60.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 114953); max. gepubliceerd gewicht: 3.0 kg (Ref. 35388)
Korte beschrijving
Determinatiesleutels | Morfologie | Morfometrie
Dorsale stekels (totaal) : 0; Anale stekels: 0; Wervels: 104 - 108. Disc-width around the same as its length, length and width 1,50 to 1,70 times in total length; dorsal fins more or less rounded, its base 1,50 times in its height (Ref. 39215).
Body shape (shape guide): other; Cross section: flattened.
Occurs in seagrass areas, rocky reefs, and adjacent soft bottoms (Ref. 12951). Avoids temperatures above 20°C (Ref. 10011). Nocturnal, usually burying itself during the day with only the eyes and spiracle jutting out (Ref. 12382). Feeds on small benthic fishes Trachurus, Mugil, Mullus, Dicentrarchus, Spondyliosoma, Boops, Labrus, Dascyllus, Pomacentrus) and crustaceans (Ref. 10011). Females outlive males; viviparous, neonates measuring 10-14 cm at birth (Ref. 10426). Produces 2-32 pups in a litter after a 10-month gestation (Ref. 12951, Ref. 114953). Males reaches maturity at ca. 30 cm TL, females at ca. 40 cm TL; born at 10-14 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Electrocytes start developing when the embryo weighs about 1 g; electric organs functional before birth and newborns can use their electric organ discharge (EOD) in capturing prey (Ref. 10428). Can produce electric discharges of up to 200 volts; EOD frequency up to 600 Hz. Jumps on fast-moving prey, paralyzing it with its EOD (Ref. 27000).
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).
Stehmann, M. and D.L. Bürkel, 1984. Torpedinidae. p. 159-162. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 2803)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: van geen belang; sportvis: ja; Aquarium: Publieke aquaria
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Schattingen op basis van modellen
Gewenste temperatuur (Ref.
123201): 10.1 - 19.2, mean 14.1 °C (based on 392 cells).
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01778 (0.01477 - 0.02141), b=2.94 (2.88 - 3.00), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trofisch niveau (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref.
120179): laag, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 4,5-14 jaar (Fec=5-32).
Kwetsbaarheid van de visserij (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
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Voedingsstoffen (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 5.92 [0.80, 27.36] mg/100g; Iron = 0.378 [0.092, 1.074] mg/100g; Protein = 19.4 [14.9, 22.8] %; Omega3 = 0.27 [0.11, 0.65] g/100g; Selenium = 14.8 [4.2, 42.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 63.8 [17.2, 235.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.555 [0.260, 1.159] mg/100g (wet weight);