Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري القاع; نطاق العمق 1 - 150 m (Ref. 6790), usually 30 - 60 m (Ref. 6790). Subtropical; 46°N - 16°S, 14°E - 36°E
Eastern Atlantic: Gibraltar to the Gulf of Guinea; probably further south. Known from the Mediterranean (Ref. 231).
الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 50.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 3397); common length : 25.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 6790)
Found on sand and mud bottoms on the continental shelf from shoreline to a depth of about 150 m (Ref. 6790). Oviparous (Ref. 4675). Eggs and larvae are pelagic (Ref. 4675).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | التكاثر | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae
Roux, C., 1990. Trachinidae. p. 893-895. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 6790)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.3 - 24.4, mean 17.3 °C (based on 140 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5059 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00933 (0.00545 - 0.01597), b=2.97 (2.82 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.7 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Generation time: 5.1 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (34 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 62.9 [38.8, 120.6] mg/100g; Iron = 0.941 [0.582, 1.495] mg/100g; Protein = 19.4 [18.6, 20.2] %; Omega3 = 0.399 [0.268, 0.594] g/100g; Selenium = 28.8 [14.9, 55.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 14.1 [5.0, 40.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.626 [0.461, 0.873] mg/100g (wet weight);
