分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
石首魚科 (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Umbrina: Latin, umbra, -ae = shadow, in the sense of phantom; due to its quick movements (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Valenciennes.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 50 - 300 m (Ref. 4780), usually 150 - 200 m (Ref. 26999). 亞熱帶的; 50°N - 28°S
Eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay to South Africa (Ref. 4373), including the western Mediterranean. Western Indian Ocean: east coast of Africa (Ref. 3490); probably also in the Arabian Sea under synonyms capensis (non Pappe ?), sinuata Day and striata Boulenger.
東大西洋: 比斯開灣到南非 (參考文獻 4373), 包括地中海西部。 西印度洋: 非洲東岸;(參考文獻 3490) 可能也在同種異名 capensis 下面的阿拉伯海 (非 Pappe?), sinuata 日子與 striata Boulenger。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 23.5 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 80.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 30573); common length : 40.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3593); 最大年齡: 27 年 (Ref. 127644)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 25 - 29; 臀棘: 2; 臀鰭軟條: 7. Juveniles with narrow oblique dark and light stripes, becoming obscure in adults (Ref. 4373).
稚魚有狹窄的斜深色的與淡色條紋, 變成暗當成魚時.(參考文獻 4373)
Found in mud and sandy bottoms of the shelf and upper slope (Ref. 4780), 14° to 15° C (Ref. 36731). Feed on small shrimps, worms and other bottom invertebrates (Ref. 4780). Sold fresh and dried salted (Ref. 3490).
發現於泥與大陸棚與上層斜坡 (參考文獻 4780) 的砂質底部， 15個 ° C 的 14個 °了。 (參考文獻 36731) 吃小的蝦，蠕蟲與其他的底棲無脊椎動物。 (參考文獻 4780) 生鮮販賣了與乾燥鹽醃.(參考文獻 3490)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
東大西洋: 比斯開灣到南非 (參考文獻 4373), 包括地中海西部。 西印度洋: 非洲東岸;(參考文獻 3490) 可能也在同種異名 capensis 下面的阿拉伯海 (非 Pappe?), sinuata 日子與 striata Boulenger。
Chao, L.N. and E. Trewavas, 1990. Sciaenidae. p. 813-826. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3593)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 26 September 2018
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 11.9 - 19.7, mean 15 °C (based on 71 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00551 - 0.01314), b=3.13 (3.00 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.44 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.26).
Prior r = 0.55, 95% CL = 0.36 - 0.82, Based on 2 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (41 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 53.3 [29.8, 106.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.928 [0.470, 1.611] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [18.4, 20.6] %; Omega3 = 0.337 [0.202, 0.525] g/100g; Selenium = 41.3 [22.7, 76.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.26 [2.87, 26.43] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.631 [0.450, 0.913] mg/100g (wet weight);
