分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Dipneusti >
Ceratodontiformes (Australian lungfishes) >
Lepidosirenidae (Aestivating lungfishes)
Etymology: Lepidosiren: Greek, lepis = scale + Greek, seiren = a mythological serpent, 1520 (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水 居于水底的. 亞熱帶的; 24°C - 28°C (Ref. 2060); 5°N - 35°S
South America: Amazon, Paraguay and lower Paraná River basins.
南美洲: 亞馬遜河, 巴拉圭與巴拉納河流域下游。
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 125 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 36887); 最大年龄: 8 年 (Ref. 274)
Obligate air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Prefers stagnant waters where there is little current. Juveniles feed on larval insects and snails. Adults are omnivorous and feed on aquatic vertebrates, invertebrates such as snails, clams and shrimp, and algae (Ref. 36739). Can survive low oxygen levels in its habitat by means of its very reduced branchial apparatus. It possesses two lungs without bronchial tubes. During the dry period, this species burrows into the mud, to a depth of about 30-50 cm, and seals off the entrance with clay, leaving out 2-3 holes for aeration. It reduces its metabolism during this period of hibernation. The fish are obligate air-breathers and will drown if denied access to the surface (Ref. 36739). During the rainy season, reproduction begins. The parents gather vegetal debris in a burrow (about 1.5 m long) to create a nest. During reproduction, males guard the young. These males can increase the oxygen level in the burrow because during breading season the pelvic fins develop highly vascularized, gill-like, feathery structures which perform a function opposite to those of gills: they releases oxygen from the blood and take in carbon dioxide; the filaments disappear after the end of the breeding season (Ref. 12225, 36739). The young look like amphibian tadpoles with four external gills. During the first weeks of their life they breath only through the external gills; at an age of 7 weeks they become air-breathing and regression of the external gills begins (Ref. 27188, 36739).
偏爱污浊的水域在哪里有少的水流。 稚鱼吃昆虫幼虫与蜗牛。 成鱼是杂食性的而且吃水生的脊椎动物无脊椎动物例如蜗牛，蛤与虾 , 与藻类。 (参考文献 36739) 在它的栖息地能存活低溶氧量经由它的非常缩小的鳃器官。 它持有没有鳃管的二个肺。 在乾的期间，这种掘穴至泥内, 到深度大约 30-50 公分, 而且用被为透气留下 2-3个洞的泥土封闭入口。 它缩小的在过冬的这时期的时候它的新陈代谢。 鱼是使负义务呼吸空气的鱼类而且将淹死如果否认接触表面.(参考文献 36739) 在雨季的时候，繁殖开始。 父母收集植物的残枝在洞穴中 (大约 1.5 公尺长) 创造一个巢。 在繁殖的时候，雄性保卫幼鱼。 雄性能在洞穴中增加含氧量因为在面包季节腹鳍的时候高度地发育 vascularized, 执行相对于鳃的的功能的像鳃一样又生有羽毛的结构: 他们释放氧从血液中而且接受二氧化碳; 丝状突起在繁殖季节的末端之后消失。 (参考文献 12225,36739) 幼鱼状似两栖类的蝌蚪有四个外鳃。 在第一个的时候他们的生活的数个星期他们呼吸只有经由外鳃; 在年约 7个星期，他们变成空气-呼吸与外鳃的复原开始.(参考文献 27188,36739)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔鱼
Spawning occurs during the wet season. Adult males guard and aerate the hachlings and young temporarily. Adult males develop vascular filaments on their paired fins which function either as auxillary to respiration so that they can breathe air without leaving the nest or the fin filaments permit the emission of aerially obtained oxygen in to the nest water, causing the oxygenation of the water surrounding the eggs (Ref. 111170). The function of the filaments is much debatable as of the present.南美洲: 亞馬遜河, 巴拉圭與巴拉納河流域下游。
Arratia, G., 2003. Lepidosirenidae (aestivating lungfishes). p. 671-672. In R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander and C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, Brasil. (Ref. 36887)
人类利用
渔业: 自给性渔业
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.5352 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00180 - 0.00842), b=3.12 (2.94 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.46 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (tmax=>22; Fec = 22).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (75 of 100).
