分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Dipneusti >
Ceratodontiformes (Australian lungfishes)
南美肺魚目 (Australian lungfishes) >
Lepidosirenidae (Aestivating lungfishes)
南美肺魚科 (Aestivating lungfishes)
Etymology: Lepidosiren: Greek, lepis = scale + Greek, seiren = a mythological serpent, 1520 (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 居於水底的. 亞熱帶的; 24°C - 28°C (Ref. 2060); 5°N - 35°S
South America: Amazon, Paraguay and lower Paraná River basins.
南美洲: 亞馬遜河, 巴拉圭與巴拉納河流域下游。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 125 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 36887); 最大年齡: 8 年 (Ref. 274)
Obligate air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Prefers stagnant waters where there is little current. Juveniles feed on larval insects and snails. Adults are omnivorous and feed on aquatic vertebrates, invertebrates such as snails, clams and shrimp, and algae (Ref. 36739). Can survive low oxygen levels in its habitat by means of its very reduced branchial apparatus. It possesses two lungs without bronchial tubes. During the dry period, this species burrows into the mud, to a depth of about 30-50 cm, and seals off the entrance with clay, leaving out 2-3 holes for aeration. It reduces its metabolism during this period of hibernation. The fish are obligate air-breathers and will drown if denied access to the surface (Ref. 36739). During the rainy season, reproduction begins. The parents gather vegetal debris in a burrow (about 1.5 m long) to create a nest. During reproduction, males guard the young. These males can increase the oxygen level in the burrow because during breading season the pelvic fins develop highly vascularized, gill-like, feathery structures which perform a function opposite to those of gills: they releases oxygen from the blood and take in carbon dioxide; the filaments disappear after the end of the breeding season (Ref. 12225, 36739). The young look like amphibian tadpoles with four external gills. During the first weeks of their life they breath only through the external gills; at an age of 7 weeks they become air-breathing and regression of the external gills begins (Ref. 27188, 36739).
偏愛污濁的水域在哪裡有少的水流。 稚魚吃昆蟲幼蟲與蝸牛。 成魚是雜食性的而且吃水生的脊椎動物無脊椎動物例如蝸牛，蛤與蝦 , 與藻類。 (參考文獻 36739) 在它的棲息地能存活低溶氧量經由它的非常縮小的鰓器官。 它持有沒有鰓管的二個肺。 在乾的期間，這種掘穴至泥內, 到深度大約 30-50 公分, 而且用被為透氣留下 2-3個洞的泥土封閉入口。 它縮小的在過冬的這時期的時候它的新陳代謝。 魚是使負義務呼吸空氣的魚類而且將淹死如果否認接觸表面.(參考文獻 36739) 在雨季的時候，繁殖開始。 父母收集植物的殘枝在洞穴中 (大約 1.5 公尺長) 創造一個巢。 在繁殖的時候，雄性保衛幼魚。 雄性能在洞穴中增加含氧量因為在麵包季節腹鰭的時候高度地發育 vascularized, 執行相對於鰓的的功能的像鰓一樣又生有羽毛的結構: 他們釋放氧從血液中而且接受二氧化碳; 絲狀突起在繁殖季節的末端之後消失。 (參考文獻 12225,36739) 幼魚狀似兩棲類的蝌蚪有四個外鰓。 在第一個的時候他們的生活的數個星期他們呼吸只有經由外鰓; 在年約 7個星期，他們變成空氣-呼吸與外鰓的復原開始.(參考文獻 27188,36739)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Spawning occurs during the wet season. Adult males guard and aerate the hachlings and young temporarily. Adult males develop vascular filaments on their paired fins which function either as auxillary to respiration so that they can breathe air without leaving the nest or the fin filaments permit the emission of aerially obtained oxygen in to the nest water, causing the oxygenation of the water surrounding the eggs (Ref. 111170). The function of the filaments is much debatable as of the present.南美洲: 亞馬遜河, 巴拉圭與巴拉納河流域下游。
Arratia, G., 2003. Lepidosirenidae (aestivating lungfishes). p. 671-672. In R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander and C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, Brasil. (Ref. 36887)
人類使用
漁業: 自給性漁業
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.5352 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00180 - 0.00842), b=3.12 (2.94 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.46 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (tmax=>22; Fec = 22).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (75 of 100).
