分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Rajiformes (Skates and rays) >
Rajidae (Skates)
Etymology: Raja: Latin, raja, -ae = a sting ray (Raja sp.) (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Fowler.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 深度上下限 8 - 530 m (Ref. 88171). 溫帶; 61°N - 16°N, 18°W - 25°E
Eastern Atlantic: Shetlands, southern North Sea and the western Baltic to Mauritania, including the western part of the Mediterranean (to Tunisia and western Greece).
東大西洋: 雪特蘭群島, 北海南部與波羅海西部到茅利塔尼亞, 包括地中海 (到突尼西亞與希臘西部) 的西部.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 61.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 102 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 6014); common length : 50.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3261); 最大年龄: 18 年 (Ref. 88187)
简单描述
检索表 | 型态特徵 | 形态测量图
背棘 (总数) : 0; 臀棘: 0. Sub-rhomboid in shape with a short rostrum and rounded wing-tips. Upper surface almost smooth in young, but prickly in large specimens, except for bare centers of pectoral fins and hind part of disc, underside nearly smooth; orbital thorns separate, a regular row of 20-50 usually persistent thorns from nape to first dorsal fin; with 1-2 thorns between dorsal fins; 2 equal-sized dorsal fins at end of tail. Brownish dorsally with numerous small dark spots which do not reach the margin of the disc, frequently with a concentration of dark spots forming a ring around a pale centre on hind part of each pectoral fin, underside white (Ref. 3167).
上表皮几乎平滑当幼鱼时, 但是多刺的在大个体中, 除了胸鳍与体盘的后部部份的裸露中心，下面几乎平滑; 眼窝的刺分开, 固定的一列 20-50 通常持续的从后颈到第一背鳍的刺; 上表皮不达到体盘的边缘的褐色的有很多的小深色的斑点, 时常大量集中的深色班点在每个胸鳍的后端上形成一个环大约一个灰白的中心, 腹面白色的.(参考文献 3167)
Found mainly along the continental shelf (Ref. 3167). Depth range from 8-283 m in the northeast Atlantic (Ref. 82399), in the southern part of its range it occurs down to 530 m (Ref. 78469, 89037), but most common between 20-120 m (Ref. 88187). Prefers habitats with sand or mud bottoms (Ref. 78469). Juveniles usually found in shallow sandy inshore areas, adults utilize more offshore sand or sand-gravel habitats (Ref. 82399, 89038). Species buries itself to avoid predation and ambush potential prey. Feeds mainly on crustaceans (Ref. 3167) with prey size increasing as it grows (Ref. 88171), also preys on benthic worms, cephalopods and small fishes (Ref. 41849, 58137). Most individuals attain a length of 40-60 cm (Ref. 3261). Oviparous. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Detects weak electric fields generated by other organisms and generate its own weak electric fields (Ref. 10311).
发现于大陆棚水域到大约 100 公尺了。 (参考文献 3167) 来自 20-120 公尺的深度范围, 与从 318-345 公尺在爱奥尼亚的海洋东部中.(参考文献 56504) 主要捕食甲壳动物。 (参考文献 3167) 卵生的。 明显的成对出现。 幼鱼可能倾向跟随大的个体, 例如他们的母亲.(参考文献 205) 卵为长方形鞘囊具有僵硬的触角沈积在沙滩或泥滩的角落.(参考文献 205) 卵鞘是 5.3-7.8 公分长与 3.0-5.0 公分宽的.(参考文献 41250) 大约 24-60個卵在一年中被一個個體生產。 (參考文獻 41250)
Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Paired eggs are laid during summer (Ref. 3167). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 5.3-7.8 cm long and 3.0-5.0 cm wide (Ref. 41250). Fully formed pups hatch after about 5-6 months and are about 11-12 cm in length (Ref. 78469, 88187). 東大西洋: 雪特蘭群島, 北海南部與波羅海西部到茅利塔尼亞, 包括地中海 (到突尼西亞與希臘西部) 的西部.
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7 - 16, mean 9.9 °C (based on 418 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00240 (0.00193 - 0.00299), b=3.25 (3.21 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.18-0.21; tm=8; tmax=14; Fec=24).
Prior r = 0.40, 95% CL = 0.27 - 0.61, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (58 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (67 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 5.91 [0.83, 102.85] mg/100g; Iron = 0.244 [0.023, 2.859] mg/100g; Protein = 16.8 [14.0, 19.1] %; Omega3 = 1 [0, 2] g/100g; Selenium = 14.6 [3.0, 72.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.24 [0.46, 70.18] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.34 [0.02, 3.74] mg/100g (wet weight);
