分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Rajiformes (Skates and rays)
鰩目 (Skates and rays) >
Rajidae (Skates)
鰩科 (Skates)
Etymology: Raja: Latin, raja, -ae = a sting ray (Raja sp.) (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Fowler.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 8 - 530 m (Ref. 88171). 溫帶; 61°N - 16°N, 18°W - 25°E
Eastern Atlantic: Shetlands, southern North Sea and the western Baltic to Mauritania, including the western part of the Mediterranean (to Tunisia and western Greece).
東大西洋: 雪特蘭群島, 北海南部與波羅海西部到茅利塔尼亞, 包括地中海 (到突尼西亞與希臘西部) 的西部.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 61.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 102 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 6014); common length : 50.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3261); 最大年齡: 18 年 (Ref. 88187)
簡短描述
檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
背棘 (總數) : 0; 臀棘: 0. Sub-rhomboid in shape with a short rostrum and rounded wing-tips. Upper surface almost smooth in young, but prickly in large specimens, except for bare centers of pectoral fins and hind part of disc, underside nearly smooth; orbital thorns separate, a regular row of 20-50 usually persistent thorns from nape to first dorsal fin; with 1-2 thorns between dorsal fins; 2 equal-sized dorsal fins at end of tail. Brownish dorsally with numerous small dark spots which do not reach the margin of the disc, frequently with a concentration of dark spots forming a ring around a pale centre on hind part of each pectoral fin, underside white (Ref. 3167).
上表皮幾乎平滑當幼魚時, 但是多刺的在大個體中, 除了胸鰭與體盤的後部部份的裸露中心，下面幾乎平滑; 眼窩的刺分開, 固定的一列 20-50 通常持續的從後頸到第一背鰭的刺; 上表皮不達到體盤的邊緣的褐色的有很多的小深色的斑點, 時常大量集中的深色班點在每個胸鰭的後端上形成一個環大約一個灰白的中心, 腹面白色的.(參考文獻 3167)
Found mainly along the continental shelf (Ref. 3167). Depth range from 8-283 m in the northeast Atlantic (Ref. 82399), in the southern part of its range it occurs down to 530 m (Ref. 78469, 89037), but most common between 20-120 m (Ref. 88187). Prefers habitats with sand or mud bottoms (Ref. 78469). Juveniles usually found in shallow sandy inshore areas, adults utilize more offshore sand or sand-gravel habitats (Ref. 82399, 89038). Species buries itself to avoid predation and ambush potential prey. Feeds mainly on crustaceans (Ref. 3167) with prey size increasing as it grows (Ref. 88171), also preys on benthic worms, cephalopods and small fishes (Ref. 41849, 58137). Most individuals attain a length of 40-60 cm (Ref. 3261). Oviparous. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Detects weak electric fields generated by other organisms and generate its own weak electric fields (Ref. 10311).
發現於大陸棚水域到大約 100 公尺了。 (參考文獻 3167) 主要捕食甲殼動物。 (參考文獻 3167) 卵生的。 明顯的成對出現。 幼魚可能傾向跟隨大的個體, 例如他們的母親.(參考文獻 205) 卵為長方形鞘囊具有僵硬的觸角沈積在沙灘或泥灘的角落.(參考文獻 205) 卵鞘是 5.3-7.8 公分長與 3.0-5.0 公分寬的.(參考文獻 41250) 大約 24-60個卵在一年中被一個個體生產。 (參考文獻 41250)
Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Paired eggs are laid during summer (Ref. 3167). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 5.3-7.8 cm long and 3.0-5.0 cm wide (Ref. 41250). Fully formed pups hatch after about 5-6 months and are about 11-12 cm in length (Ref. 78469, 88187). 東大西洋: 雪特蘭群島, 北海南部與波羅海西部到茅利塔尼亞, 包括地中海 (到突尼西亞與希臘西部) 的西部.
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)
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漁業: 低經濟
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7 - 16, mean 9.9 °C (based on 418 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00240 (0.00193 - 0.00299), b=3.25 (3.21 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.18-0.21; tm=8; tmax=14; Fec=24).
Prior r = 0.40, 95% CL = 0.27 - 0.61, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (58 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (67 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 5.91 [0.83, 102.85] mg/100g; Iron = 0.244 [0.023, 2.859] mg/100g; Protein = 16.8 [14.0, 19.1] %; Omega3 = 1 [0, 2] g/100g; Selenium = 14.6 [3.0, 72.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.24 [0.46, 70.18] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.34 [0.02, 3.74] mg/100g (wet weight);
