Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut; payau berasosiasi dengan karang; kisaran kedalaman 27 - 95 m (Ref. 7251). Tropical; - 6°N
Western Atlantic: northeastern Florida (USA), Gulf of Mexico, and the Antilles to Guyana.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm 9.6, range 6 - ? cm
Max length : 20.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 7251); common length : 15.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 5217)
Found between the shore and 100 m depth, on sand or mud bottoms rich in organic matter. Feed mainly on shrimps (Penaeidae), amphipods, crustacean larvae and annelids. The whole life cycle develops on the continental shelf. During reproduction in May and September, adults gather in shallow waters of the estuaries and along the coast. Sexual activity takes place during the rainy season which corresponds to quite a large influx of organic matter, thereby ensuring food for the breeding fish. Sexual dimorphism affects the interorbital width and pectoral fin length of the hidden side. Juveniles remain planktonic for a long time with a high growth rate of >5% per day (Ref. 35237).
Distinct pairing (Ref. 205).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: nilai komersial kecil
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.2 - 27.4, mean 24.8 °C (based on 104 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00661 (0.00363 - 0.01204), b=3.11 (2.95 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.44 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 1.6 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): Tinggi, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum kurang dari 15 bulan (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 80.6 [31.0, 168.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.655 [0.300, 1.155] mg/100g; Protein = 17.2 [15.1, 19.5] %; Omega3 = 0.098 [0.050, 0.191] g/100g; Selenium = 35.4 [17.1, 76.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 53.4 [12.4, 241.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.39 [0.90, 2.04] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
