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> Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Cyclopsettidae (Sand whiffs)
Etymology: Citharichthys: Latin, cithara = lire like instrument + Greek, ichthys = fish (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Günther.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecología

marino; agua dulce; salobre demersal; rango de profundidad 0 - 75 m (Ref. 5217). Tropical; 26°C - 29°C (Ref. 36880); 41°N - 33°S

Distribución Países | Áreas FAO | Ecosistemas | Ocurrencias, apariciones | Point map | Introducciones | Faunafri

Western Atlantic: New Jersey, USA to the Antilles and Brazil.

Tamaño / Peso / Age

Maturity: L_m ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 21.0 cm TL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 122735); common length : 15.0 cm TL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 5217); peso máximo publicado: 99.40 g (Ref. 122735)

Short description Claves de identificación | Morfología | Morfometría

Espinas dorsales (total) : 0; Radios blandos dorsales (total) : 74 - 84; Espinas anales: 0; Radios blandos anales: 52 - 63.

Occurs in shallow muddy bottoms from the coastline to 75 m depth; also in brackish estuaries and hypersaline lagoons (Ref. 5217). Inhabit mainly coastal waters and tidelands, but abundant in waters very near the sea to a few meters elevation with wholly freshwater ichthyofauna (Ref. 36880). Feeds mainly on zooplankton and zoobenthos (Ref. 13196). Taken with beach nets (Ref. 5217).

Life cycle and mating behavior Madurez | Reproducción | Puesta | Huevos | Fecundidad | Larva

Distinct pairing (Ref. 205). Oviparous (Ref. 101737). Females produce numerous eggs in multiple spawnings during a prolonged spawning period (Ref. 101737).

Main reference Upload your references | Referencias | Coordinador | Colaboradores

Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 01 February 2013

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Pesquerías: escaso valor comercial

FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |

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Trophic ecology
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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 22.5 - 28, mean 25.5 °C (based on 608 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00589 (0.00488 - 0.00711), b=3.14 (3.09 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).

Nivel trófico (Ref. 69278): 3.6 ±0.58 se; based on food items.

Generation time: 2.6 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1 growth studies.

Resiliencia (Ref. 120179): Alto, población duplicada en un tiempo mínimo inferior a 15 meses (K=0.42; Fec=6,009 (batch fecundity)).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (28 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Citharichthys spilopterus Günther, 1862