Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut berasosiasi dengan karang; kisaran kedalaman 1 - 15 m (Ref. 9710). Tropical; 32°N - 33°S
Western Atlantic: Bermuda, Florida (USA), and Honduras to southern Brazil.
Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 4690)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 12; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 9; Duri dubur: 3; Sirip dubur lunak: 5.
Inhabits seagrass beds, grassy bays and channels. Moves only when disturbed. Wounds inflicted are extremely painful, but not fatal.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larva
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435)
penggunaan manusia
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 25.5 - 28.2, mean 27.4 °C (based on 638 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01318 (0.00626 - 0.02776), b=3.03 (2.86 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (20 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 56.4 [28.3, 119.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.575 [0.292, 1.643] mg/100g; Protein = 18.7 [16.9, 20.4] %; Omega3 = 0.182 [0.081, 0.481] g/100g; Selenium = 23.4 [12.3, 60.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 127 [42, 353] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.34 [0.94, 1.94] mg/100g (wet weight);