Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) Υφαλόφιλο(α); εύρος βάθους 0 - ? m (Ref. 40849), usually 0 - 15 m (Ref. 40849). Subtropical; 20°S - 35°S
Western Atlantic: Southern Florida, (USA), Bahamas, Antilles, and coast of South America (Ref. 26938), from Brazil to Argentina (Ref. 3815).
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm 20.3, range 20 - 23.1 cm
Max length : 37.8 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 57473); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 2.5 kg (Ref. )
Short description
Κλείδες προσδιορισμού | Μορφολογία | Μορφομετρία
Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 12; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά) : 13 - 14; Εδρικές άκανθες: 3; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 12 - 14. Large, black, saddle-shaped blotch on upper caudal peduncle (Ref. 26938). Silvery, about nine faint narrow dark bars may be visible on upper two-thirds of body (Ref. 13442).
Occur in clean turbulent waters along open rocky coasts, usually in surf areas (Ref. 7251). Juveniles are frequently found in littoral pools between rocks (Ref. 9626). Individuals up to 10 cm are caught in shallow waters, often in sandy shores or in seagrass (Thalassia) beds (Ref. 9626). Maximum weight of 2500 g based on confirmed reports from Uruguay (L.A. Pereira, pers. comm., 6/12/01).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες
Cervigón, F., 1993. Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Volume 2. Fundación Científica Los Roques, Caracas,Venezuela. 497 p. (Ref. 9626)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
αλιεία: περιορισμένης εμπορικότητας; αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.1 - 25.8, mean 23.4 °C (based on 68 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01230 (0.00574 - 0.02638), b=3.04 (2.87 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.39 se; based on food items.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (28 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 34.1 [14.0, 57.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.607 [0.319, 1.135] mg/100g; Protein = 20.2 [19.1, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.218 [0.116, 0.427] g/100g; Selenium = 15.9 [7.5, 29.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 48.4 [14.4, 155.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.867 [0.571, 1.303] mg/100g (wet weight);
