Environment: milieu / climate zone / rango de profundidad / distribution range
Ecología
marino pelagic-oceanic; oceanodromo (Ref. 51243); rango de profundidad ? - 200 m (Ref. 86942). Subtropical
Worldwide in warm seas. Western Indian Ocean: including Reunion and Mauritius (Ref. 33390). Eastern Pacific: off San Francisco in California, USA to Chile, but rare north of Baja California in Mexico. Western Atlantic: Florida in USA and Gulf of Mexico to Brazil (Ref. 7251). Eastern Central Atlantic: St. Paul's Rocks (Ref. 13121).
Tamaño / Peso / Age
Madurez: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm SL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 5288)
Espinas dorsales (total) : 0; Radios blandos dorsales (total) : 17 - 22; Espinas anales: 0; Radios blandos anales: 21 - 26. Pale grey to white in color.
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
Host specific on manta rays, but occasionally attaches to sharks. Often occurs inside gill chamber and mouth of host. Also attaches itself to black marlin, Makaira indica, of the Indo-Pacific Region (Ref. 7251). Rarely free-swimming (Ref. 10791). Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Madurez | Reproducción | Puesta | Huevos | Fecundidad | Larva
Gray, K.N., J.R. McDowell, B.B. Collette and J.E. Graves, 2009. A molecular phylogeny of the remoras and their relatives. Bull. Mar. Sci. 84(2):183-198. (Ref. 86676)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Herramientas
Special reports
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Fuentes de Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Referencia
123201): 16.7 - 28.2, mean 25.7 °C (based on 1829 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Referencia
82804): PD
50 = 0.5352 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00257 (0.00110 - 0.00600), b=3.17 (2.96 - 3.38), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Nivel trófico (Referencia
69278): 3.4 ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resiliencia (Referencia
120179): Medio, población duplicada en un tiempo mínimo de 1.4-4.4 años (Assuming Fec < 10,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (27 of 100).
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