分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Issue
Name often misapplied for Pungitius laevis (Cuvier, 1829) that replaces Pungitius pungitius in nothwesternmost Europe.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 底中水層性; 溯河洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 110 m (Ref. 58426), usually 70 - 77 m (Ref. 1998). 溫帶; 10°C - 20°C (Ref. 1672); 82°N - 35°N, 180°W - 180°E
Circumarctic: Arctic and Atlantic drainages across Canada and Alaska, and as far south as New Jersey, USA; Pacific coast of Alaska; Great Lakes basin; also in Eurasia (Ref. 5723). Eurasia: coastal areas of northern Europe, from Netherlands to northern Russia, including southern Norway and Baltic basin. Widely distributed inland in eastern Scandinavia. Extends eastward to Siberia and Japan, but remains to be confirmed that East Asia populations are conspecific with European ones (Ref. 59043).
Circumarctic: 橫過加拿大的大西洋的流域向南遠至美國的紐澤西; 在加拿大卑詩省的 Liard 河;(參考文獻 10882) 阿拉斯加州的太平洋海岸; 五大湖流域; 歐洲北部與亞洲，從英國與法國到西伯利亞，俄國，韓國，日本與中國的流域。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 3.7 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 9.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 27547); common length : 6.5 cm NG 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 27547); 最大年齡: 5 年 (Ref. 27547)
背棘 (總數) : 6 - 12; 背的軟條 (總數) : 9 - 13; 臀棘: 1; 臀鰭軟條: 8 - 13; 脊椎骨: 30 - 35. Distinguished uniquely from congeners in Europe by having scutes on side of caudal peduncle, forming a keel. Differs further from other members of the genus in Europe by the combination of the following characters: flank lacking scutes; dorsal fin with 7-11 spines; and caudal peduncle wider than deep (Ref. 59043). Distinguished by the presence of 7 to 12 free spines in front of the dorsal fin and a long caudal keel that usually reaches beneath the dorsal fin (Ref. 27547). Dorsal spines separated from one another, each with a rudimentary membrane on its posterior side; anal spine stout and curved; posterior edge of pectorals rounded; pelvic ray pressed close to the spine; caudal fin usually truncate, varying from slightly indented to slightly rounded (Ref. 27547). Pale green, grey, or olive above, strongly pigmented with irregularly arranged dark bars or blotches; silvery below (Ref. 1998). Fins colorless (Ref. 27547). Breeding colors may be variable, depending on sex, population and stage of breeding cycle but color of females always less intense than those of males (Ref. 27547). Aggressive females become dark on the back and paler below, then sometimes become paler with more conspicuous saddle marks as actual breeding approaches (Ref. 30380). Aggressive males become totally black except for the colorless fins and the membranes on the pelvic spines, which are white. At breeding, the males become paler on the back and more intensely black on the belly, especially under the chin (Ref. 28993, 30380). Breeding males on the east coast of North America have been reported as reddish under the head and greenish on the belly (Ref. 27547). Caudal fin with 12 rays (Ref. 2196).
區別的特徵為那在背鰭與通常達到背鰭下面的一個長的尾部龍骨脊之前有 7 到 12根自由的棘.(參考文獻 27547) 背棘彼此分開, 每個具有一個不發達的薄膜在它的在後部的側邊; 臀鰭硬棘矮胖的而且彎曲; 胸鰭的後緣圓的; 壓的腹鰭鰭條接近棘; 尾鰭通常截形的, 改變從些微地切割成鋸齒狀略圓的.(參考文獻 27547) 灰綠色﹐灰色的﹐或橄欖色上方, 強烈地有顏色有不規則的深色橫帶或斑塊; 下面銀色的.(參考文獻 1998) 鰭無色的.(參考文獻 27547) 繁殖顏色可能是可變的, 依據繁殖的性別，族群與階段而定周期但是雌性的顏色總是比較不密集超過雄性的.(參考文獻 27547) 侵略性雌性變成深色的背部之上與腹面灰白的, 然後有時變成灰白有更如真實的繁殖方法的顯著標誌.(參考文獻 30380) 侵略性雄性完全地變成黑色在腹棘上除了無色的鰭與薄膜, 那是白色。 在繁殖，雄性變成較灰白的背部之上與更密集黑色在腹面上, 尤其在下巴下面.(參考文獻 28993,30380) 在北美洲的東海岸上的繁殖期的雄性曾經報告當淡紅的在頭部下面與呈綠色的在腹面上.(參考文獻 27547) 尾鰭有 12個鰭條。 (參考文獻 2196)
Found in shallow vegetated areas of lakes, ponds, and pools of sluggish streams; sometimes in open water over sand (Ref. 5723). Marine populations found near shore and move into fresh water to spawn (Ref. 5723). There appears to be seasonal movements inshore to shallow water in the spring for spawning, and, in the fall, offshore to deep water, or even to the less saline parts of the sea, by the young and adults that survive spawning (Ref. 27547). Nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Feed on small invertebrates; also on aquatic insects and their eggs and larvae (Ref. 1998). Eggs are found in nests constructed from plant material (Ref. 41678). Males build, guard and aerate the nest where the eggs are deposited (Ref. 205). Females grow faster and live longer than do other males (Ref. 27547). Males seldom live beyond age three, due to heavy post-spawning mortality, but females may live to age five or more (Ref. 27547). When abundant, it is preyed upon by other fishes (Ref. 1998); also preyed by birds (Ref. 27547). May be used as human or dog food or as a source of oil (Ref. 27547).
發現於緩動性溪流的湖，池塘與水池的水淺有植物生長的區域.; 有時在開放的水域中在沙子之上.(參考文獻 5723) 海洋的族群發現近岸而且移進中淡水到產卵.(參考文獻 5723) 在那裡在春天狀似季節性的運動沿海地區到淺水區進行產卵, 與, 秋天時, 外海對深水域, 或甚至到海洋的鹽分較低部份, 藉著幼魚與存活產卵的成魚.(參考文獻 27547) 沿海-大洋性.(參考文獻 58426) 吃小型無脊椎動物; 也吃水生昆蟲與他們的卵與仔魚.(參考文獻 1998) 卵被發現於由植物構成的巢。 (參考文獻 41678) 雌性比做其他的雄性生長快速地而且活的較長。 (參考文獻 27547) 雄性很少生活超過三歲,由於重的後產卵必死的命運，但是雌性可能活到五歲或更多。 (參考文獻 27547) 當豐富的時候, 它被其他的魚捕食;(參考文獻 1998) 也被鳥捕食.。 (參考文獻 27547) 可能是用作人類或者狗食物或者作為一個油的來源。 (參考文獻 27547)
During the spawning season, both males and females set up territories which are defended against intruders of either sex. The male builds the nest with plant fragments and binds it together with a kidney secretion. The nest has two openings. The male then entices the female into the nest with quick dancing movements. An enticed female follows the male to his nest, enters it through one opening, deposits 50 to 80 eggs, then leaves through the other opening (Ref. 1998, 27547). In nests with one opening, the female enters, turns around, deposits her eggs and leaves (Ref. 27547). The male then enters the nest and fertilizes the eggs as it swims toward the other opening. More than one female may deposit eggs to the nest. The male guards one opening and aerates the eggs (Ref. 1998). Soon after releasing a clutch of eggs, a female feeds voraciously and in a day or so, is ready to be courted again (Ref. 27547). Sometimes the nest falls apart before the eggs hatch. The male may build a new nest nearby and transfer the eggs to it. At hatching, the male enters the nest to remove egg remains. Newly hatched larvae move to the top of the nest and settle on it. The male may construct a nursery above the nest. As the larvae become more active, the male catches them in his mouth and spits them back to the nest or nursery. As the larvae become more active, the male loses interest in them, and may build a new nest and repeat the process or the breeding season ends (Ref. 28993). Eggs hatch in 6-7 days (Ref. 59043).Circumarctic: 橫過加拿大的大西洋的流域向南遠至美國的紐澤西; 在加拿大卑詩省的 Liard 河;(參考文獻 10882) 阿拉斯加州的太平洋海岸; 五大湖流域; 歐洲北部與亞洲，從英國與法國到西伯利亞，俄國，韓國，日本與中國的流域。
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p. (Ref. 5723)
人類使用
漁業: 自給性漁業; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.4 - 10.2, mean 4.1 °C (based on 169 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00490 (0.00252 - 0.00951), b=3.01 (2.83 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=1-2; tmax=5; Fec=350).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 39.3 [7.2, 146.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.492 [0.157, 1.239] mg/100g; Protein = 1.64 [0.00, 5.51] %; Omega3 = 0.326 [0.115, 0.970] g/100g; Selenium = 6.57 [1.71, 25.10] μg/100g; VitaminA = 33.2 [6.4, 166.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.887 [0.443, 1.834] mg/100g (wet weight);
