分類 / Names
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Teleostei >
Batrachoidiformes (Toadfishes)
蟾魚目 (Toadfishes) >
Batrachoididae (Toadfishes)
蟾魚科 (Toadfishes) > Porichthyinae
Etymology: Porichthys: Greek, poros = porous + Greek, ichthys = fish (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Girard.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 0 - 366 m (Ref. 2850). 亞熱帶的; 58°N - 28°N, 136°W - 112°W
Eastern Pacific: Sitka, Alaska to Magdalena Bay, southern Baja California, Mexico. Records from areas south of Baja California and in the Gulf of California are in error. Two populations exist, one from Oregon northward and the other from San Francisco southward (Ref. 2850).
東太平洋: Sitka ，阿拉斯加到馬格德拉灣，墨西哥的下加利福尼亞南部。 下加利福尼亞來自區域南方的紀錄而且在加州灣是錯誤。 二個族群存在, 來自舊金山南方的一個來自奧勒岡州北方與另一個.(參考文獻 2850)
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 38.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 2850)
簡短描述
檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
背棘 (總數) : 2; 背的軟條 (總數) : 33 - 37; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 30 - 35; 脊椎骨: 42 - 46. Caudal fin rounded and narrow; pectorals broad (Ref. 6885). Olive brown to bronze or dark iridescent purple on dorsal surface, paler on sides with a golden yellow on ventral surface; white space under eye with a black crescent below; white on posterior edge of maxillary; young with a weak dark dorsal saddle (Ref. 6885). Branchiostegal rays: 6 (Ref. 36489).
尾鰭圓的與狹窄的; 胸鰭寬的.(參考文獻 6885) 黃褐色的到青銅色或深色的彩虹色的紫色在背面上, 側邊灰白的具有一個金黃色的在腹面上; 眼睛下面的白色間隔具有一個黑色的下面新月; 在上頜骨的後緣上的白色; 幼魚有一個弱的深色背部的鞍狀斑。 (參考文獻 6885) 鰓條骨: 6.(參考文獻 36489)
Ranges from intertidal areas (where they may remain out of water under rocks or seaweeds, Ref. 31184) to deeper water over sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 4925). Adults make vertical migrations at night (Ref. 6885). Feed on crustaceans and fishes (Ref. 6885). Oviparous with eggs and larvae attached to nest wall (Ref. 36489). Nest is guarded by male (Ref. 36489). Important prey item for seals and sea lions (Ref. 2850). Adults breathe air when out of water (Ref. 31184). Possess photophores which are arranged on the underside of the head in a 'U' fashion.
分佈自潮間帶的區域 (在那裡它們可能在岩石或海草下面離開水面停留, 參考文獻 31184) 到較深的水域砂與泥底部的上面。 (參考文獻 4925) 成魚製造垂直性迴游在晚上。 (參考文獻 6885) 捕食甲殼動物和魚類。 (參考文獻 6885) 卵生的，卵，而且仔魚依附於巢牆壁了。 (參考文獻 36489) 巢被由雄魚保衛。 (參考文獻 36489) 為海豹與海獅的重要獵物項目.(參考文獻 2850) 當離開水面，成魚呼吸空氣。 (參考文獻 31184) 持有發光器那是排列在一種 'U' 方式的頭部的下面。
Nests are cavities that are formed under rocks and eggs are deposited on the roof of the cavity. As few as 19 or as much as 789 eggs have been found attached in a nest. Eggs are guarded by the fasting male. Probably polygamous (Ref. 6885).東太平洋: Sitka ，阿拉斯加到馬格德拉灣，墨西哥的下加利福尼亞南部。 下加利福尼亞來自區域南方的紀錄而且在加州灣是錯誤。 二個族群存在, 來自舊金山南方的一個來自奧勒岡州北方與另一個.(參考文獻 2850)
Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Boston (MA, USA): Houghton Mifflin Company. xii+336 p. (Ref. 2850)
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 6.9 - 16.8, mean 8.3 °C (based on 78 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00562 (0.00323 - 0.00980), b=3.16 (3.01 - 3.31), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.67 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=3.5; tmax=7).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (28 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 81.9 [43.9, 161.7] mg/100g; Iron = 1.11 [0.65, 1.89] mg/100g; Protein = 17.8 [16.8, 18.8] %; Omega3 = 0.322 [0.190, 0.553] g/100g; Selenium = 36.1 [18.1, 78.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 24 [8, 72] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.668 [0.466, 0.959] mg/100g (wet weight);
