分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 底中水层性; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 10 - 200 m (Ref. 1371), usually 30 - 100 m (Ref. 1371). 溫帶; 72°N - 35°N, 27°W - 42°E
Northeast Atlantic: southeastern Barents Sea and Iceland to Portugal, also in the Black Sea, Aegean Sea, Adriatic Sea and adjacent areas. Rare in the northwestern Mediterranean.
東北大西洋: 東南方的巴倫支海與冰島到葡萄牙, 也在黑海，愛琴海, 亞得里亞海與毗連的區域中。 稀有的在在西北部的地中海。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 28.2, range 28 - 30 cm
Max length : 91.5 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 106276); common length : 23.5 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 1371); 最大体重: 3.1 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年龄: 20 年 (Ref. 35388)
背棘 (总数) : 0; 背的软条 (总数) : 30 - 40; 臀鳍软条: 30 - 35. Body elongate; head small. Chin barbel small or absent. Lateral-line canals on head with pores. Color is variable; yellowish-brown, dark blue or green, sides yellowish grey, white and silvery on belly; often with a small dark blotch at the upper base of the pectoral fin.
细长的身体; 头部小的。 下巴触须小或不存在。 侧线管头部有孔之上。 色彩是可变的; 土黄色，深蓝色或绿色, 侧边黄灰色的，白色的与银色的在腹面上; 时常在胸鳍的上面基底具有一个小的黑色斑块。
More commonly found from 30 to 100 m, mainly on mud and gravel bottoms, but also on sand and rock. Feed on shrimps, crabs, mollusks, small fish, polychaetes and cephalopods. Migrate to the open sea only after the first year of life. Eggs are pelagic. Larvae and juveniles are associated with jellyfish. Upon maturity, small chin barbel characteristic of juveniles disappear (Ref. 53061). Spawn in batches (Ref. 51846). Utilized fresh, dried or salted, smoked and frozen; eaten steamed, broiled and baked (Ref. 9988).
更通常从 30 到 100 公尺发现, 主要在泥与砾石底部上, 也在沙子与岩石上。 吃虾，螃蟹，软件动物，小鱼，多毛类动物与头足类动物。 只有在第一个年之后回游到开放海域。 卵与稚鱼被伴随着水母。 在成熟之上，稚鱼的小下巴触须特性消失。 (参考文献 53061) 生鲜使用, 干燥或盐腌, 烟熏与冷冻的; 清蒸, 火烤而且烧烤。 (参考文献 9988)
Oviparous, sexes are separate (Ref. 205).東北大西洋: 東南方的巴倫支海與冰島到葡萄牙, 也在黑海，愛琴海, 亞得里亞海與毗連的區域中。 稀有的在在西北部的地中海。
Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10). Rome: FAO. 442 p. (Ref. 1371)
人类利用
渔业: 高经济性; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 水族馆: 公众的水族馆
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7 - 11.9, mean 9.2 °C (based on 409 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00617 (0.00548 - 0.00694), b=3.06 (3.02 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 5.3 (4.4 - 6.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 23
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (rm=1.1-1.6(?); K=0.07-0.74; tm=1-4; tmax=20; Fec>100,000).
Prior r = 0.49, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.74, Based on 20 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (67 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (47 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 18 [9, 36] mg/100g; Iron = 0.2 [0.1, 0.6] mg/100g; Protein = 18 [16, 20] %; Omega3 = 1 [0, 2] g/100g; Selenium = 17.8 [8.2, 36.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.9 [3.0, 48.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.242 [0.129, 0.709] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
