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Amiiformes (Bowfins) >
Amiidae (Bowfins)
Etymology: Amia: Greek, amia = a kind of shark (Ref. 45335); calva: calva (Latin) = smooth or 'the bald scalp of the head', probably referring to the smooth appearance of the head of live specimens (Ref. 46234).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水 居于水底的. 溫帶; 15°C - 20°C (Ref. 2060); 47°N - 25°N, 97°W - 70°W (Ref. 86798)
North America: St. Lawrence River - Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins from Quebec in Canada to northern Minnesota and south to Gulf, and on Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains from Susquehanna River drainage in southeastern Pennsylvania, to Colorado River in Texas, USA. Introduced sparingly elsewhere, including on Atlantic Slope north to Massachusetts, USA.
北美洲: 聖勞倫斯河, 魁北克的 Champlain湖流域與佛蒙特州向西越過安大略省南部到明尼蘇達州的密西西比流域。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 53.0, range 38 - 68 cm
Max length : 109 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 86798); common length : 53.4 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 12193); 最大体重: 9.8 kg (Ref. 4699); 最大年龄: 30 年 (Ref. 72462)
背棘 (总数) : 0; 背的软条 (总数) : 42 - 53; 臀棘: 0; 臀鳍软条: 9 - 12; 脊椎骨: 80 - 90. Branchiostegal rays: 10-12. Body is long and robust. Head is conic, mouth large, with maxillary extending well past eye; jaws wit strong, conical teeth; anterior nostrils at base of short barbels. Dorsal fin origin at 1/3 of total length; anal fin origin at midpoint of dorsal base; pelvic fins inserted at midpoint of body.
Pigmentation: Dark olive above combines with lighter color on sides to form reticulated pattern; venter cream or greenish; head yellow to brown with darker horizontal bars; lower fins vivid green; caudal light olive with irregular darker vertical bars. Adult males with prominent yellow to orange bordered black spot at upper caudal base, less intense or absent in females.
鳃条骨: 10-12. 身体是长而结实的。 头部是圆锥的, 嘴大的, 有颚骨延伸越过眼; 颚知道强又锥形齿; 在短触须的基底的前鼻孔。 背鳍起点在全长的 1/3; 在背鳍基底的中点的臀鳍起源; 腹鳍在身体中央插入。
颜色： 深橄榄色的上方在侧边上和较淡的颜色结合形成网状的图案; 腹部乳黄色或呈绿色的; 头部黄色到褐色的有较深色的水平条纹; 低的鳍鲜绿色的; 尾部的淡橄榄色有不规则的较深色的纵带。 雄性成鱼有在上尾部的基底突出的黄色到橘色的被毗邻的黑色斑点, 比较不密集或者不存在于雌性。
Facultative air-breathing (Ref. 126274); It inhabits swamps, sloughs, lakes, and pools and backwaters of lowland streams (Ref. 86798). It is usually found near vegetation (Ref. 86798). Air-breather that can withstand high temperatures, which enables it to survive in stagnant areas; even known to aestivate; lethal temperature is 35.2°C (Ref. 46234). A voracious and opportunist feeder, subsisting on fishes including other sport fishes, frogs, crayfish, insects, and shrimps. It uses scent as much as sight and captures food by means of gulping water. Small juveniles eat microcrustaceans and insects (Ref. 93252). Males are always smaller than females which live longer. Apparently somewhat migratory during spawning season (Ref. 4639). Eggs are adhesive, attached to decaying vegetation and upright weeds (Ref. 4639). Larvae are found in nest, remaining attached to roots or lying on bottom until adhesive organ is absorbed, thereafter in tight "swarm" guarded by male parent outside nest (Ref. 4639). A 'living fossil' and lone survivor species of Family Amiidae.
发现于了沼泽的, 长满植物的湖泊与河。 能抵抗高的温度的呼吸空气的鱼, 这使它能够在污浊的区域中存活; 甚至知道夏眠; 致命的温度是 35.2 ￠ aC 。 (参考文献 46234) 一狼吞虎咽的与机会主义者捕食者, 它捕食鱼类包括其他的垂钓用鱼，青蛙，小龙虾，昆虫与虾。 它嗅觉与视觉一样灵敏而且捕获食物的方法是大口地吞水。 雄性总是比活的较长的雌性更小。 显然地略微回游的在产卵季节的时候.(参考文献 4639) 卵是聚集在一起的, 依附于腐烂的植物与直立的杂草。 (参考文献 4639) 仔鱼被发现于巢, 保持依附于根了或者栖息于底部直到黏着器官被吸收, 其后在紧的 " 成群 " 中在巢以外由雄鱼父母保卫了.(参考文献 4639) 一个 ' 活化石' 与弓鳍鱼科的孤单幸存鱼种。
Males build and guard nest and young, usually nesting in colonies, and clearing out vegetation for the nest (Refs. 205, 34296, 34297, 3672). Most active at twilight and dawn (Ref. 34297); spawn at night (Ref. 34296). Eggs hatch in 9 days; newly hatched young measuring 8 mm (Ref. 34297). Larvae are guarded by the male parent until they are able to swim freely (Ref. 205).北美洲: 聖勞倫斯河, 魁北克的 Champlain湖流域與佛蒙特州向西越過安大略省南部到明尼蘇達州的密西西比流域。
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 2011. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798)
人类利用
渔业: 没有兴趣; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 水族馆: 公众的水族馆
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 2.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00437 (0.00169 - 0.01126), b=3.12 (2.89 - 3.35), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.67 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.14; tm=3-5; tmax=13; Fec=23,600).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
