分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 深度上下限 0 - 100 m (Ref. 12951). 亞熱帶的; 38°N - 34°S
Circumglobal in tropical seas. Indian Ocean: off South Africa, Bay of Bengal, and probably Indonesia (Ref. 9911). Eastern Central Pacific: From Gulf of California to Chile (Ref. 130539).
可能 circumtropical 但是分佈離散。 東大西洋: 塞內加爾外海與象牙海岸。 印度洋: 南非外海，孟加拉灣, 與可能印尼.(參考文獻 9911) 西太平洋: 泰國灣 (參考文獻 9911) 與澳洲東北方.(參考文獻 6871) 東太平洋: 美國的南加州到哥斯大黎加 (參考文獻 2850), 包括特萬特佩克地灣.(參考文獻 9911) 記錄來自智利了。 (參考文獻 9068) 可能地 = Mobula eregoodoo(Cantor,1849).(參考文獻 35766)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 163.6, range 146 - ? cm
Max length : 220 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 2850); common length : 150 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 9256)
简单描述
检索表 | 型态特徵 | 形态测量图
A moderate-sized devilray with a short head bearing short head fins; dorsal fin white-tipped, and pectoral fins with swept-back tips and a prominent double bend to the front margins; upper disc sparsely covered with small, blunt denticles and tail shorter than disc, with no spine (Ref. 5578). Dark blue to black above; white below, with silvery pectoral fin tips (Ref. 5578). No caudal fin (Ref. 5578).
一个中等大小的魔鬼 具有一个生长着短的头鳍的短的头部; 背鳍尖端白色的, 而且胸鳍有横过背面的顶端与一个突出的两个弯曲到前缘; 上体盘稀疏地覆盖着小又钝的细齿了而且尾部短于体盘, 没有棘.(参考文献 5578) 背面深蓝色到黑色的; 腹面白色的, 有银色的胸鳍顶端.(参考文献 5578) 没有尾鳍.(参考文献 5578)
Occurs in coastal and oceanic waters, but more common near the coast (Ref. 9256). Found singly or in small groups (Ref. 12951). Feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans (Ref. 12951); mostly small shrimp-like animals (Ref.58048). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Caught occasionally in the tuna gillnet and in harpoon fisheries. Utilized for its gill filter plates (high value), meat, cartilage and skin (Ref.58048). Can leap out of the water.
出现于海岸的与大洋性水域, 但是更普遍在海岸的附近.(参考文献 9256) 各别地或形成小群鱼群发现。 (参考文献 12951) 主要吃浮游性甲壳动物。 (参考文献 12951) 卵胎生的.(参考文献 50449) 能从水中跳出来。
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). With one large offspring per gestation period. Size at birth 65-85 cm (Ref. 6871).可能 circumtropical 但是分佈離散。 東大西洋: 塞內加爾外海與象牙海岸。 印度洋: 南非外海，孟加拉灣, 與可能印尼.(參考文獻 9911) 西太平洋: 泰國灣 (參考文獻 9911) 與澳洲東北方.(參考文獻 6871) 東太平洋: 美國的南加州到哥斯大黎加 (參考文獻 2850), 包括特萬特佩克地灣.(參考文獻 9911) 記錄來自智利了。 (參考文獻 9068) 可能地 = Mobula eregoodoo(Cantor,1849).(參考文獻 35766)
Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens, 1994. Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)
濒危 (EN) (A2bd+3d); Date assessed: 09 November 2018
人类利用
渔业: 低经济
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.6 - 29.1, mean 27.8 °C (based on 2652 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.30 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (Fec=1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (85 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 7.99 [1.05, 135.60] mg/100g; Iron = 0.83 [0.08, 10.24] mg/100g; Protein = 20.6 [15.3, 25.9] %; Omega3 = 0.157 [0.047, 0.501] g/100g; Selenium = 22.8 [4.7, 120.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.56 [0.35, 57.84] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.483 [0.030, 5.484] mg/100g (wet weight);
