分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Rhinopteridae (Cownose rays)
Etymology: Rhinoptera: Greek, rhinos = nose + Greek,pteron = fin, wing (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Mitchill.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 底中水层性; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 22 m (Ref. 26912). 熱帶; 46°N - 42°S, 98°W - 33°W
Western Atlantic: from New England (USA) to northern Argentina (Ref. 114953); including northern Florida (USA), throughout the Gulf of Mexico, migrating to Trinidad, Venezuela, Brazil and Uruguay (Ref. 7251).
東大西洋: 茅利塔尼亞，塞內加爾與幾內亞。 西大西洋: 新英格蘭南部到佛羅里達北部 (美國) 與在被洄游至千里達，委內瑞拉與巴西的墨西哥灣各處.(參考文獻 7251)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 65.3, range 62 - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5217); 最大体重: 953.00 g (Ref. 118626)
简单描述
检索表 | 型态特徵 | 形态测量图
Deep grove around front of head below eyes; forehead above groove indented, snout below groove is distinctly bilobed (Ref. 26938). Disk brown to olive above, with no spots or marks, wings long and pointed (Ref. 7251). Lower surface white or yellowish white (Ref. 6902).
眼睛下面的头前周围的深凹槽; 在凹槽上面的前额切割成锯齿状, 凹槽下的吻明显分成两叶。 (参考文献 26938) 圆盘背面褐色到橄榄色的, 没有斑点或标志，翼长而尖的.(参考文献 7251) 下表面白色或黄白色.(参考文献 6902)
A benthopelagic species found on continental and insular shelves; enters bays and estuaries; forms huge schools inshore (Ref. 114953). Feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates and molluscs (implicated in damaging seagrass beds) (Ref. 93252, 114953). Jumps occasionally, landing with a loud smack, probably as a territorial display. Migrates south in large schools that disappear off northern Florida, USA and are not reported from Caribbean Is.; tagged fish have been recovered in northern South America (Ref. 7251). Population in the Gulf of Mexico migrates clockwise; schools of up to 10,000 rays leave west coast of Florida for Yucatan, Mexico in the fall (Ref. 7251). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449).
一个大洋性的种有时在海岸的附近发现。 (参考文献 5217) 形成分离的群体.(参考文献 12951) 偶然地跳跃, 登陆具有一个响亮的方式, 可能作为一个领域的展现。 回游，南方在大群鱼群消失于美国的佛罗里达北部外海而且不是记录自加勒比海的岛; 有标签的鱼曾经在南美洲北部找回。 (参考文献 7251) 在墨西哥湾的族群顺时针方向移动; 达到 10,000个鳍条的鱼群为墨西哥的尤卡坦半岛离开佛罗里达的西岸秋天时。 (参考文献 7251) 卵胎生的.(参考文献 50449)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).東大西洋: 茅利塔尼亞，塞內加爾與幾內亞。 西大西洋: 新英格蘭南部到佛羅里達北部 (美國) 與在被洄游至千里達，委內瑞拉與巴西的墨西哥灣各處.(參考文獻 7251)
Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor, 2016. Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)
人类利用
渔业: 低经济; 水族馆: 公众的水族馆
工具
特别资料
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网络资源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 20 - 28.1, mean 26.7 °C (based on 643 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01202 (0.00693 - 0.02085), b=2.98 (2.82 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (Fec assumed to be <100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (59 of 100).
