Élasmobranches (requins et raies) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Rhinopteridae (Cownose rays)
Etymology: Rhinoptera: Greek, rhinos = nose + Greek,pteron = fin, wing (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Mitchill.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Écologie
marin; saumâtre benthopélagique; océanodrome (Ref. 51243); profondeur 0 - 22 m (Ref. 26912). Tropical; 46°N - 42°S, 98°W - 33°W
Western Atlantic: from New England (USA) to northern Argentina (Ref. 114953); including northern Florida (USA), throughout the Gulf of Mexico, migrating to Trinidad, Venezuela, Brazil and Uruguay (Ref. 7251).
Length at first maturity / Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturity: Lm 65.3, range 62 - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm WD mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 5217); poids max. publié: 953.00 g (Ref. 118626)
Deep grove around front of head below eyes; forehead above groove indented, snout below groove is distinctly bilobed (Ref. 26938). Disk brown to olive above, with no spots or marks, wings long and pointed (Ref. 7251). Lower surface white or yellowish white (Ref. 6902).
A benthopelagic species found on continental and insular shelves; enters bays and estuaries; forms huge schools inshore (Ref. 114953). Feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates and molluscs (implicated in damaging seagrass beds) (Ref. 93252, 114953). Jumps occasionally, landing with a loud smack, probably as a territorial display. Migrates south in large schools that disappear off northern Florida, USA and are not reported from Caribbean Is.; tagged fish have been recovered in northern South America (Ref. 7251). Population in the Gulf of Mexico migrates clockwise; schools of up to 10,000 rays leave west coast of Florida for Yucatan, Mexico in the fall (Ref. 7251). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Reproduction | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larves
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).
Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor, 2016. Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435)
Menace pour l'homme
Traumatogenic (Ref. 4690)
Utilisations par l'homme
Pêcheries: intérêt commercial mineur; Aquarium: Aquariums publics
Outils
Articles particuliers
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Sources Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 20 - 28.1, mean 26.7 °C (based on 643 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01202 (0.00693 - 0.02085), b=2.98 (2.82 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Niveau trophique (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Résilience (Ref.
120179): Faible, temps minimum de doublement de population : 4,5 à 14 années (Fec assumed to be <100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (59 of 100).
