分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Osteoglossiformes (Bony tongues) >
Arapaimidae (Bonytongues)
Etymology: Heterotis: Greek, heteros = other + Greek, ous, otis = ear (Ref. 45335); niloticus: Named after M. Ehrenberg, scientist (Ref. 50686).
More on author: Cuvier.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水 大洋性; 深度上下限 1 - ? m (Ref. 13851). 熱帶; 25°C - 30°C (Ref. 2060); 16°N - 3°N, 17°W - 37°E
Africa: native in all basins of the Sahelo-Sudanese region, the Senegal, Gambia, Corubal, Volta, Ouémé, Niger, Bénoue, Chad and Nile basins and Lake Turkana (Ref. 2920, 3012, 3514). Successful introductions in the storage reservoirs of Côte d'Ivoire, Cross, Sanaga, Nyong and Ogowe rivers and the lower and middle Congo basin, including Ubangui and Kasaï (Ref. 2920); rapidly enlarged its distribution in the Lualaba, upper Congo basin, after extraordinary inundations in 1979 (Ref. 51906). Also introduced in Madagascar (Ref. 3514, 13333). Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction.
非洲: 原產於 Sahelo-Sudanese 區域，塞內加爾，甘比亞， Corubal ，佛塔河， Oueme ，尼日， Benoue ，查德與尼羅河流域的所有流域與特坎那湖.(參考文獻 2920, 參考文獻 3012, 參考文獻 3514) 在象牙海岸的水庫, 十字河，沙那加河， Nyong 與奧克維河與剛果河流域下游與中游中的成功引入, 包括 Ubangui 與 Kasai.(參考文獻 2920) 也在馬達加斯加引入。 (參考文獻 13333) 引入後的一些國家報告不利的生態衝擊。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 40.0, range 40 - 40 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 31256); 最大体重: 10.2 kg (Ref. 2920)
背棘 (总数) : 0; 背的软条 (总数) : 32 - 37; 臀棘: 0; 臀鳍软条: 34 - 39; 脊椎骨: 66 - 69. Elongated and robust body, its height 3.5-5 times in SL (Ref. 2920). Relatively short head, its length 3.5-5 times in standard length (Ref. 2920, 5156). Dermal bones of cranium deeply carved by large sensory pits (Ref. 1878, 2920). Lips thick; dermal flap on border of gill cover (Ref. 13851). Teeth conical (Ref. 5156). Dorsal and anal fins spineless, elongated and posteriorly positioned, ending close to the small, rounded caudal fin (Ref. 3032, 13851, 28714, 30488). Caudal peduncle very short (Ref. 2756, 3054, 3069). Scales strong, thick, large (Ref. 28714, 30488), oval, with exposed portion thick and corrugated, with a more or less vermiform sculpture (Ref. 53264). 34-40 lateral-line scales, 2.5/6 scales on lateral side of body before pelvic fin, 5-6 scales between dorsal and anal fin (Ref. 367, 2756, 2920, 5156). Lateral line a straight line from above operculum to middle of caudal peduncle (Ref. 1878). Number of gill rakers increases with size: 33 (young) to 98 on ceratobranchial and 21 (young) to 76 on epibranchial (Ref. 2920). Young specimens with external gills (Ref. 30488). Coloration a uniform gray, brown or bronze (Ref. 2920), darker during period of reproduction (Ref. 367). Young specimens often with dark longitudinal bands and scales with an oval spot in posterior zone of anal and dorsal fins (Ref. 2920).
延长的与结实的身体 , 它的高度 3.5 到 5 倍标准的长度.(参考文献 2920) 相当短的头部, 它的长度 3.5 到 5 倍标准的长度.(参考文献 2920, 参考文献 5156) 头盖的真皮的骨骼借着大知觉的洼凹深深地是有雕刻的。 (参考文献 1878, 参考文献 2920) 唇是厚的，而且在鳃盖的边缘上有一个皮盖。 (参考文献 13851) 锥形齿.(参考文献 5156) 背鳍与臀鳍, 那是无棘的, 延长而且在后部地放置, 终止接近小又圆形的尾鳍.(参考文献 3032, 参考文献 13851, 參考文獻 28714, 參考文獻 30488) 尾柄非常短的.(參考文獻 2756, 參考文獻 3054, 參考文獻 3069) 強勁地, 大的鱗片 (參考文獻 28714, 參考文獻 30488), 橢圓形用裸露的部分厚而縮成皺紋的, 具有一個約略蠕蟲狀的雕刻:(參考文獻 53264) 34-40個側線鱗片, 腹鰭前的在身體的側面側邊上的 2.5/6個鱗片, 背部的和臀鰭之間的 5-6 鱗片.(參考文獻 367, 參考文獻 2756, 參考文獻 2920, 參考文獻 5156) 側線正在延伸成一直線從上方鰓蓋到尾梗中央.(參考文獻 1878) 鰓耙的數字隨著長度增加; 33(幼魚) 到 98 在角鰓骨上與 21(幼魚) 到 76 在上鰓骨上.(參考文獻 2920) 幼魚持有外鰓。 (參考文獻 30488) 均勻的灰色﹐褐色或青銅色的色彩 (參考文獻 2920), 比較深色的在繁殖的時候-時期.(參考文獻 367) 幼魚時常被有顯著的深色縱向的條紋而且在臀鰭與背鰭的後面的區域中鱗片有一個橢圓形的斑點。 (參考文獻 2920)
Obligate air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Obligate air-breathing (Ref. 126274), able to survive in deoxygenated waters; the hardiness of this fish, together with its great growth rate make it a candidate for aquaculture in Africa and it has been transported to a number of countries for this purpose (Ref. 1739, 50623). Escapees from ponds into the wild resulted in established populations, which form the basis for fisheries (Ref. 1739). Maximum observed length in Lake Kainji: 100 cm, observed weight: 10000 g (Ref. 3034, 3799). Young found in swampy places among aquatic vegetation (Ref. 5156, 30488). Adults live in open water of rivers and lakes, in both the pelagic and littoral zone (Ref. 5156). Feeds on mud (Ref. 6160, 28714), phytoplankton (Ref. 3023, 28714, 31256), vegetable debris and small invertebrates (Ref. 28714). The only plankton-feeder of the Osteoglossidae (Ref. 13851). Suprabranchial organ has a sensory function and a mechanic function in concentrating little food particles (Ref. 3012, 50624). During breeding, mature adults create a circular nest in swamps (Ref. 13851, 26281, 41544). Young leave the nest after a few days and are guarded by the male (Ref. 26281).
在 Kainji湖的最大观测体长: 100 公分,观察重量: 10000 g.(参考文献 3034, 参考文献 3799) 幼鱼发现于在水生植物之中的沼泽地方了;(参考文献 5156, 参考文献 30488) 成鱼生活于河川与湖泊的开放水域, 在哪里它们在大洋性的区域中被发现于以及海滨的区域.(参考文献 5156) 它的附加鳃的空气呼吸器官使它能够在去氧的水域中存活; 这一个鱼的耐力, 伴随着它的良好增长率对于在非洲的水产业使它成为一个候选鱼种而且它有为这一个目的被传送到一些国家.(参考文献 1739, 参考文献 50623) 从池塘到荒野的逃亡者造成了确定的族群, 对于渔场形成基础.(参考文献 1739) 这种一般认为作为一个泥-捕食者 (参考文献 6160), 但是在非洲西方部也作为一个浮游植物捕食者.(参考文献 3023, 参考文献 31256) 它大部分捕食浮游生物,作为唯一的浮游生物-Osteoglossidae 的捕食者.(参考文献 13851) 它有有一个知觉的功能的一个鳃前器官, 也在集中小食物粒子方面的一个机械工功能.(参考文献 3012, 参考文献 50624) 在繁殖的时候，它在沼泽中创造一个圆形的巢。 (参考文献 13851, 参考文献 26281, 参考文献 41544) 幼鱼离开巢在数天之后而且被由雄鱼保卫.(参考文献 26281)
Breeds in the wet season in swamps and floodplains (Ref. 28714), building a circular nest about 1 m in diameter and 20 to 60 cm deep (Ref. 26281). The rim of the nest is a high wall formed out of plant chunks, about 15-20 cm thick and projecting above the water surface; the bottom is a clean platform of clay or mud; after spawning the fish leave by way of a hole in the wall through which, 5 days later, the young leave the nest and are guarded by the male (Ref. 26281). Also Ref. 3074, 10609, 36900.非洲: 原產於 Sahelo-Sudanese 區域，塞內加爾，甘比亞， Corubal ，佛塔河， Oueme ，尼日， Benoue ，查德與尼羅河流域的所有流域與特坎那湖.(參考文獻 2920, 參考文獻 3012, 參考文獻 3514) 在象牙海岸的水庫, 十字河，沙那加河， Nyong 與奧克維河與剛果河流域下游與中游中的成功引入, 包括 Ubangui 與 Kasai.(參考文獻 2920) 也在馬達加斯加引入。 (參考文獻 13333) 引入後的一些國家報告不利的生態衝擊。
Paugy, D., 1990. Osteoglossidae. p. 114-115. In C. Lévêque, D. Paugy and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Tome 1. Coll. Faune Trop. n°XXVIII. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren and Éditions de l'ORSTOM, Paris. 384 p. (Ref. 2920)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 养殖: 商业性; 水族馆: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 2.7 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.22-0.4; Fec > 1,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (55 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 77.4 [37.9, 190.3] mg/100g; Iron = 1.48 [0.76, 3.78] mg/100g; Protein = 16.8 [14.3, 19.1] %; Omega3 = 0.449 [0.166, 1.282] g/100g; Selenium = 76 [24, 210] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20.9 [6.4, 68.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.54 [1.01, 2.45] mg/100g (wet weight);
