Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays)
鰩目 (Stingrays) >
Dasyatidae (Stingrays)
土魟科 (Stingrays) > Dasyatinae
Etymology: Dasyatis: Greek, dasys = rough, dense (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 5 - 200 m (Ref. 6808), usually 20 - 35 m (Ref. 27000). 亞熱帶的; 61°N - 17°S, 32°W - 42°E
East Atlantic and the Mediterranean and Black Sea, from the North Sea to Angola.
東北大西洋與地中海。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 54.3, range 41 - ? cm
Max length : 69.5 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 123699); 最大體重: 10.2 kg (Ref. 123699)
A coastal species, which enters coastal lagoons, shallow bays and estuaries (Ref. 81259). Found over sandy and muddy bottoms, sometimes near rocky reefs (Ref. 12951). Feeds on bottom fishes, crustaceans and mollusks. Ovoviviparous, gestation period about 4 months and 4-7 young are produced. Wings marketed smoked, dried-salted, and also used for fishmeal and oil. Harmful to shellfish banks; dangerous to bathers and fishers due to its poisonous spine. Barbed poison spine is a modified denticle that can be 35cm long, shed occasionally and replaced (Ref. 35388). Maximum reported width about 150 cm (Ref. 81259).
發現在沙泥底上., 有時在河口與鄰近岩礁中.(參考文獻 12951) 捕食底層魚類，甲殼動物與軟體動物。 卵胎生的, 妊娠時期大約 4個月與 4-7個幼魚生產。 翼在市場上銷售煙燻, 乾燥鹽醃 , 以及製成魚漿與油。 對貝淺堆有害; 對游泳者有危險，而且漁夫由於它的有毒棘。 有刺的毒棘是一個進化修改後的細齒能成為 35 公分長, 偶然地脫落而且取代..(參考文獻 35388)
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).東北大西洋與地中海。
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Raies et autres batoides. p. 845-886. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identificationpour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Mèditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3261)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 9.7 - 26.1, mean 12.2 °C (based on 352 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5002 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00741 (0.00443 - 0.01240), b=2.99 (2.85 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.1 ±0.63 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Fec=4-7).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (78 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (55 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 14.1 [1.7, 252.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.696 [0.063, 8.002] mg/100g; Protein = 21.3 [18.7, 24.0] %; Omega3 = 0.263 [0.085, 0.750] g/100g; Selenium = 22 [4, 104] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.14 [0.64, 75.50] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.591 [0.039, 6.718] mg/100g (wet weight);
