分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 0 - 100 m (Ref. 9710), usually ? - 46 m (Ref. 55295). 亞熱帶的; 36°N - 33°S, 121°W - 12°E (Ref. 55295)
Western Atlantic: Florida, USA to southern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. Eastern Atlantic: Senegal to Congo (reported as Epinephelus esonue, Ref. 2739, 6809); rare in Canary Islands (Ref. 6808). Eastern Pacific (Gulf of California to Peru) species refers to Epinephelus quinquefasciatus. Discrete populations of E. itajara exist in the western Atlantic (Ref. 89627).
西大西洋: 美國佛羅里達到巴西南部, 包括墨西哥灣與加勒比海。 東大西洋: 塞內加爾到剛果;(報告如 伊索石斑魚〔Epinephelus esonue〕 , 參考文獻 2739,6809) 稀有的在加納利群島.(參考文獻 6808) 東太平洋: 加州灣到祕魯。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 128.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 250 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 26550); common length : 150 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5217); 最大體重: 455.0 kg (Ref. 4841); 最大年齡: 37 年 (Ref. 4841)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 15 - 16; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8. Distinguished by the following characteristics: brownish yellow, grey or greenish body color; head and dorsal part of body and fins with small black spots; body robust and elongate; body depth contained 2.7-3.4 times in SL; HL 2.3-2.9 in SL; extremely broad head; flat interorbital; rounded preopercle, finely serrate; round nostrils, subequal; maxilla scaly, reaching well past eye; 3-5 rows of subequal teeth on midlateral part of lower jaw; absence of canines at front jaw (Ref. 89707); further characterized by having opercle with 3 flat spines, middle one the largest. Pelvic fins smaller than the pectorals. Bases of soft dorsal and anal fins covered with scales and thick skin. Juveniles tawny with irregular vertical bands.
頭部長的。 鰓蓋有 3根平坦的棘，中央一最大的。 比胸鰭小的腹鰭。 軟背鰭與臀鰭的基底覆蓋著鱗片與厚的皮膚了。 稚魚黃褐色有不規則的垂直條紋。
A solitary species (Ref. 26340) occurring in shallow, inshore areas. Found on rock, coral, or mud bottoms (Ref. 5217). Juveniles found in mangrove areas and brackish estuaries (Ref. 5217). Large adults may be found in estuaries (Ref. 5217). Adults appear to occupy limited home ranges with little inter-reef movement. Feeds primarily on crustaceans, particularly spiny lobsters as well as turtles and fishes, including stingrays. Territorial near its refuge cave or wreck where it may show a threat display with open mouth and quivering body. Larger individuals have been known to stalk and attacks divers. Over-fished, primarily by spear fishing (Ref. 9710). Marketed fresh and salted. Meat is of excellent quality. Important game fish (Ref. 9342). Reported to reach weights of more than 315 kg (Ref. 26938).
出現在淺灘，沿海地區區域的一種獨居性種 (參考文獻 26340)。 棲息於岩石，珊瑚或泥底了。 (參考文獻 5217) 稚魚發現於紅樹林區域與半鹹淡水河口了。 (參考文獻 5217) 大的成魚可能被發現於河口。 (參考文獻 5217) 成魚似乎佔領限制家庭的範圍有小的在礁之間的運動。 主要吃甲殼動物, 特別地棘龍蝦以及海龜與魚, 包括魟。 領域性靠近它是藏身處洞穴或者殘骸在那裡它可能顯示一個威脅顯現開放的嘴而且顫抖身體。 較大的個體曾經知道悄悄靠近而且嘗試吃潛水者。 被過度漁撈, 主要地藉著魚矛漁法。 (參考文獻 9710) 在市場上銷售生鮮地了與鹽醃的。 肉是有優良品質的。 重要的遊釣魚類.(參考文獻 9342) 報告達到超過 315 公斤的重量。 (參考文獻 26938)
西大西洋: 美國佛羅里達到巴西南部, 包括墨西哥灣與加勒比海。 東大西洋: 塞內加爾到剛果;(報告如 伊索石斑魚〔Epinephelus esonue〕 , 參考文獻 2739,6809) 稀有的在加納利群島.(參考文獻 6808) 東太平洋: 加州灣到祕魯。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.8 - 28, mean 26.3 °C (based on 532 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01096 (0.00641 - 0.01876), b=3.03 (2.89 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.1 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 8.7 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.13; tm=5.5-6.5).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (70 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 7.75 [2.67, 16.99] mg/100g; Iron = 0.365 [0.171, 0.783] mg/100g; Protein = 19.9 [18.3, 21.5] %; Omega3 = 0.169 [0.084, 0.334] g/100g; Selenium = 25.9 [11.7, 60.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 40.7 [8.5, 195.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.626 [0.390, 0.977] mg/100g (wet weight);
