分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Dasyatidae (Stingrays) > Urogymninae
Etymology: More on author: Gray.
Issue
Distribution to check.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; 深度上下限 ? - 50 m (Ref. 5578). 熱帶
Indo-West Pacific: Oman to Indonesia; north to Taiwan.
印度-太平洋: 印度到新幾內亞,北至日本。 記錄來自紅海與東非海岸了，但是這些西方的記錄需要被確認。 採集自恒河的河口與淡水水域了。 (參考文獻 33178) 可能一個複合種.(參考文獻 35766)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ?, range 64 - ? cm
Max length : 200 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 9840)
Likely confined to the inner continental shelf (Ref. 9840), over sandy and mud bottoms (Ref. 30573). Recorded from coastal waters and river mouths (Ref. 45255). Feeds on bottom crustaceans including shrimp, crabs and small lobsters (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Important food fish, the skin and flesh are dried or used to produce leather for purses and bags (Ref. 9840). Caught in very large quantities in the demersal tangle net, bottom trawl and trammel net fisheries. Utilized for its meat, skin (high value) and cartilage (Ref. 58048). It is parasitised on the dorsal skin surface by the monogeneans Dendromonocotyle citrosa, D. colorni, D. ukuthena (Ref. 124058) and D. lotteri (Ref. 124051).
或许局限于大陆架内侧 (参考文献 9840)了, 在沙泥底之上。 (参考文献 30573) 记录自沿岸水域与河口了。 (参考文献 45255) 吃底部甲壳动物包括虾，螃蟹与小的龙虾。 (参考文献 5578) 卵胎生的.(参考文献 50449) 重要的食用鱼, 皮肤与肉被乾制或用来生产皮革做成钱包与袋子。 (参考文献 9840)
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Bears 2 young in summer (Ref. 5578). Gives birth to litters of 1-4 pups; born at 18-21 cm WD (Ref.58048).印度-太平洋: 印度到新幾內亞,北至日本。 記錄來自紅海與東非海岸了，但是這些西方的記錄需要被確認。 採集自恒河的河口與淡水水域了。 (參考文獻 33178) 可能一個複合種.(參考文獻 35766)
Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor, 2016. Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)
濒危 (EN) (A2d); Date assessed: 06 May 2020
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 水族馆: 商业性
工具
特别资料
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.7 - 29.1, mean 28.4 °C (based on 1116 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01622 (0.00606 - 0.04338), b=3.00 (2.77 - 3.23), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.55 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (Fec=2).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 12.9 [1.9, 252.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.63 [0.06, 7.40] mg/100g; Protein = 20.9 [18.3, 23.5] %; Omega3 = 0.122 [0.038, 0.345] g/100g; Selenium = 50.3 [10.3, 257.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.98 [0.44, 49.87] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.725 [0.044, 8.176] mg/100g (wet weight);
