分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays)
鰩目 (Stingrays) >
Dasyatidae (Stingrays)
土魟科 (Stingrays) > Urogymninae
Etymology: More on author: Gray.
Issue
Distribution to check.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 ? - 50 m (Ref. 5578). 熱帶
Indo-West Pacific: Oman to Indonesia; north to Taiwan.
印度-太平洋: 印度到新幾內亞,北至日本。 記錄來自紅海與東非海岸了，但是這些西方的記錄需要被確認。 採集自恒河的河口與淡水水域了。 (參考文獻 33178) 可能一個複合種.(參考文獻 35766)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 64 - ? cm
Max length : 200 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9840)
Likely confined to the inner continental shelf (Ref. 9840), over sandy and mud bottoms (Ref. 30573). Recorded from coastal waters and river mouths (Ref. 45255). Feeds on bottom crustaceans including shrimp, crabs and small lobsters (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Important food fish, the skin and flesh are dried or used to produce leather for purses and bags (Ref. 9840). Caught in very large quantities in the demersal tangle net, bottom trawl and trammel net fisheries. Utilized for its meat, skin (high value) and cartilage (Ref. 58048). It is parasitised on the dorsal skin surface by the monogeneans Dendromonocotyle citrosa, D. colorni, D. ukuthena (Ref. 124058) and D. lotteri (Ref. 124051).
或許侷限於大陸棚內側 (參考文獻 9840)了, 在沙泥底之上。 (參考文獻 30573) 記錄自沿岸水域與河口了。 (參考文獻 45255) 吃底部甲殼動物包括蝦，螃蟹與小的龍蝦。 (參考文獻 5578) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 重要的食用魚, 皮膚與肉被乾製或用來生產皮革做成錢包與袋子。 (參考文獻 9840)
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Bears 2 young in summer (Ref. 5578). Gives birth to litters of 1-4 pups; born at 18-21 cm WD (Ref.58048).印度-太平洋: 印度到新幾內亞,北至日本。 記錄來自紅海與東非海岸了，但是這些西方的記錄需要被確認。 採集自恒河的河口與淡水水域了。 (參考文獻 33178) 可能一個複合種.(參考文獻 35766)
Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor, 2016. Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
瀕危 (EN) (A2d); Date assessed: 06 May 2020
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.7 - 29.1, mean 28.4 °C (based on 1116 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01622 (0.00606 - 0.04338), b=3.00 (2.77 - 3.23), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.55 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Fec=2).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 12.9 [1.9, 252.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.63 [0.06, 7.40] mg/100g; Protein = 20.9 [18.3, 23.5] %; Omega3 = 0.122 [0.038, 0.345] g/100g; Selenium = 50.3 [10.3, 257.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.98 [0.44, 49.87] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.725 [0.044, 8.176] mg/100g (wet weight);
