Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά); ωκεανόδρομο(ς) (Ref. 51243); εύρος βάθους 10 - ? m. Tropical; 47°N - 31°S, 34°E - 154°E (Ref. 54923)
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to New Guinea, north to Japan, south to Australia. Reported in New Zealand (Ref. 89192).
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm 60.7 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 145 cm FL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 40637); common length : 70.0 cm FL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 168); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 35.9 kg (Ref. 168); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 19 έτη (Ref. 97108)
Σπόνδυλοι: 39. A small species, deepest near the middle of the first dorsal fin base. The second dorsal fin is higher than the first dorsal fin; the pectoral fins are short to moderately long; swim bladder is absent or rudimentary. Lower sides and belly silvery white with colorless elongate oval spots arranged in horizontally oriented rows. The dorsal, pectoral and pelvic fins are blackish; the tip of the second dorsal and anal fins are washed with yellow; the anal fin is silvery; the dorsal and anal finlets are yellow with grayish margins; the caudal fin is blackish, with streaks of yellow green.
Predominantly neritic species avoiding very turbid waters and areas with reduced salinity such as estuaries. May form schools of varying size. Feeds on a variety of fishes, cephalopods, and crustaceans, particularly stomatopod larvae and prawns (Ref. 9684). Marketed mainly fresh and dried salted (Ref. 9684), but also smoked, canned and frozen (Ref. 9987).
Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2):137 p. (Ref. 168)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
αλιεία: πολύ εμπορικό; αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί
Εργαλεία
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13 - 28.4, mean 26.5 °C (based on 1398 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01413 (0.00814 - 0.02450), b=3.00 (2.85 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Χαμηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 4,5 - 14 έτη (K=0.32; assuming tm=2-4; tmax=18.7; Fec>1M).
Prior r = 0.79, 95% CL = 0.52 - 1.18, Based on 2 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (75 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 48.2 [25.8, 117.5] mg/100g; Iron = 3.01 [1.19, 7.29] mg/100g; Protein = 23.2 [21.8, 24.6] %; Omega3 = 0.316 [0.191, 0.535] g/100g; Selenium = 101 [27, 327] μg/100g; VitaminA = 44 [6, 332] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.489 [0.265, 0.931] mg/100g (wet weight);
