分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Mobulidae (Devilrays)
Etymology: tarapacana: Named for the Chilean province Tarapacà, where the type specimen was landed..
More on author: Philippi.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 礁区鱼类; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 1896 m (Ref. 117177), usually 0 - 20 m (Ref. 89972). 熱帶; 50°N - 37°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 114953)
Circumtropical, recorded from scattered localities. Western Atlantic: off Venezuela. Eastern Atlantic: Côte d'Ivoire and South Africa. Reported from Cape Verde (Ref. 34514). Indian Ocean: northwestern Red Sea and India. Western Pacific: Japan, Taiwan, and probably tropical Australia (Ref. 9911). Eastern Pacific: From Gulf of California to Chile (Ref. 130539).
Circumtropical, 從散佈地點記錄。 西大西洋: 外海的委內瑞拉。 東大西洋: 象牙海岸與南非。 記錄來自維德角了。 (參考文獻 34514) 西印度洋: 紅海西北部。 西太平洋: 日本，台灣與可能熱帶的澳洲。 東太平洋: 加州灣與智利。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 264.8 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 328 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 58048); 305.2 cm WD (female); common length : 250 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 9256); 最大体重: 350.0 kg (Ref. 50641)
A large devil ray with a long head bearing short head fins; dorsal fin plain, and pectoral fins with strongly curved, swept-back tips; upper disc densely covered with small, pointed denticles and tail shorter than disc with no spine (Ref. 5578). Dark blue (Ref. 5578), olive-green to brownish above; ventral side white anteriorly, grey posteriorly, with an irregular but distinct line of demarcation (Ref. 11228). No caudal fin (Ref. 5578).
一个大的魔鬼 具有一个生长着短的头鳍的长的头部; 背鳍素色的, 而且胸鳍有强烈的弯曲，横过背面的顶端; 上体盘厚密地覆盖着小又尖的细齿了而且尾部短于体盘没有棘.(参考文献 5578) 深蓝色 (参考文献 5578), 橄榄绿色的到上方褐色的; 腹的旁白色前面地, 灰色的在后部地, 有一个不规则的但是明显的划界的线.(参考文献 11228) 没有尾鳍.(参考文献 5578)
Mostly oceanic, but also in coastal waters. Solitary, sometimes forms groups (Ref. 12951). Feeds on small fishes (Ref. 5578) and planktonic crustaceans (Ref. 9911). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Litter number 1 (Ref. 12951). Sometimes found stranded in beaches in temperate areas (Ref. 9911). Data on female Max. length from Ref.9256. Commonly caught in tuna gillnet and in harpoon fisheries. Utilized for its gill filter plates (very high value),meat, cartilage and skin (Ref.58048).
大部份大洋性, 也在沿岸水域中。 独居性, 有时表格聚集。 (参考文献 12951) 吃小鱼 (参考文献 5578) 与浮游生物甲壳动物。 (参考文献 9911) 卵胎生的.(参考文献 50449) 胎窝数目 1.(参考文献 12951) 有时在温带的区域中发现被搁浅于的海滩.(参考文献 9911)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).Circumtropical, 從散佈地點記錄。 西大西洋: 外海的委內瑞拉。 東大西洋: 象牙海岸與南非。 記錄來自維德角了。 (參考文獻 34514) 西印度洋: 紅海西北部。 西太平洋: 日本，台灣與可能熱帶的澳洲。 東太平洋: 加州灣與智利。
McEachran, J.D. and G. Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1995. Mobulidae. Mantas, diablos. p. 759-764. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9256)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)
濒危 (EN) (A2bd+3d); Date assessed: 09 November 2018
人类利用
渔业: 自给性渔业
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 19.4 - 28.9, mean 27.1 °C (based on 1824 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.59 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (Fec=1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (85 of 100).
