分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Mobulidae (Devilrays)
Etymology: tarapacana: Named for the Chilean province Tarapacà, where the type specimen was landed..
More on author: Philippi.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 1896 m (Ref. 117177), usually 0 - 20 m (Ref. 89972). 熱帶; 50°N - 37°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 114953)
Circumtropical, recorded from scattered localities. Western Atlantic: off Venezuela. Eastern Atlantic: Côte d'Ivoire and South Africa. Reported from Cape Verde (Ref. 34514). Indian Ocean: northwestern Red Sea and India. Western Pacific: Japan, Taiwan, and probably tropical Australia (Ref. 9911). Eastern Pacific: From Gulf of California to Chile (Ref. 130539).
Circumtropical, 從散佈地點記錄。 西大西洋: 外海的委內瑞拉。 東大西洋: 象牙海岸與南非。 記錄來自維德角了。 (參考文獻 34514) 西印度洋: 紅海西北部。 西太平洋: 日本，台灣與可能熱帶的澳洲。 東太平洋: 加州灣與智利。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 264.8 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 328 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 58048); 305.2 cm WD (female); common length : 250 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9256); 最大體重: 350.0 kg (Ref. 50641)
A large devil ray with a long head bearing short head fins; dorsal fin plain, and pectoral fins with strongly curved, swept-back tips; upper disc densely covered with small, pointed denticles and tail shorter than disc with no spine (Ref. 5578). Dark blue (Ref. 5578), olive-green to brownish above; ventral side white anteriorly, grey posteriorly, with an irregular but distinct line of demarcation (Ref. 11228). No caudal fin (Ref. 5578).
一個大的魔鬼魟具有一個生長著短的頭鰭的長的頭部; 背鰭素色的, 而且胸鰭有強烈的彎曲，橫過背面的頂端; 上體盤濃密地覆蓋著小又尖的細齒了而且尾部短於體盤沒有棘.(參考文獻 5578) 深藍色 (參考文獻 5578), 橄欖綠色的到上方褐色的; 腹的旁白色前面地, 灰色的在後部地, 有一個不規則的但是明顯的劃界的線.(參考文獻 11228) 沒有尾鰭.(參考文獻 5578)
Mostly oceanic, but also in coastal waters. Solitary, sometimes forms groups (Ref. 12951). Feeds on small fishes (Ref. 5578) and planktonic crustaceans (Ref. 9911). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Litter number 1 (Ref. 12951). Sometimes found stranded in beaches in temperate areas (Ref. 9911). Data on female Max. length from Ref.9256. Commonly caught in tuna gillnet and in harpoon fisheries. Utilized for its gill filter plates (very high value),meat, cartilage and skin (Ref.58048).
大部份大洋性, 也在沿岸水域中。 獨居性, 有時表格聚集。 (參考文獻 12951) 吃小魚 (參考文獻 5578) 與浮游生物甲殼動物。 (參考文獻 9911) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 胎窩數目 1.(參考文獻 12951) 有時在溫帶的區域中發現被擱淺於的海灘.(參考文獻 9911)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).Circumtropical, 從散佈地點記錄。 西大西洋: 外海的委內瑞拉。 東大西洋: 象牙海岸與南非。 記錄來自維德角了。 (參考文獻 34514) 西印度洋: 紅海西北部。 西太平洋: 日本，台灣與可能熱帶的澳洲。 東太平洋: 加州灣與智利。
McEachran, J.D. and G. Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1995. Mobulidae. Mantas, diablos. p. 759-764. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9256)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
瀕危 (EN) (A2bd+3d); Date assessed: 09 November 2018
人類使用
漁業: 自給性漁業
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 19.4 - 28.9, mean 27.1 °C (based on 1824 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.59 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Fec=1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (85 of 100).
