分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 0 - 100 m (Ref. 6871). 熱帶; 28°N - 32°S, 76°E - 165°E (Ref. 114953)
Indo-West Pacific: Thailand to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, south to Australia. Records from the south coast of India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Myanmar need confirmation.
印度-西太平洋: 泰國到新幾內亞與索羅門群島,南至澳洲。 記錄從印度南部海岸，斯里蘭卡，孟加拉與緬甸需要證實。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 165.0, range 150 - 180 cm
Max length : 270 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9909)
Occurs inshore and offshore, from the intertidal to offshore continental and insular shelves (Ref. 9909). Adults are found offshore waters while young individuals are found inshore on sand flats, around atolls, and in mangrove swamps (Ref. 6871). Feeds on shellfish, mainly on prawns and crabs (Ref. 9909, Ref. 114953). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Maturity size at 150-180 cm TL; born at 38-40 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Reported to live and breed permanently in fresh water (Ref. 6871). Probably the major commercial guitarfish in the Western Central Pacific (Ref. 9909). Caught regularly by demersal tangle net fisheries operating throughout the area. Utilized for its meat, fins (both very high value), skin and cartilage (Ref.58048). Reported to attain a maximum length of 4 m (Ref. 58784).
生活於近海與外海, 從潮間帶到外海大陸棚與島嶼棚.(參考文獻 9909) 成魚被發現離岸水域然而幼魚被發現在沿海的沙地淺灘, 環礁的周圍, 與在紅樹林沼澤中.(參考文獻 6871) 吃貝。 (參考文獻 9909) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 報告永久地在淡水中生存與繁殖。 (參考文獻 6871) 可能在中西太平洋的主要商業的犁頭鰩.(參考文獻 9909) 報告達到 4 公尺的最大長度。 (參考文獻 58784)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Born at 38-40 cm TL (Ref.58048).印度-西太平洋: 泰國到新幾內亞與索羅門群島,南至澳洲。 記錄從印度南部海岸，斯里蘭卡，孟加拉與緬甸需要證實。
Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens, 1994. Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
極危 (CR) (A2bd); Date assessed: 03 December 2018
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 25.7 - 29, mean 28 °C (based on 1126 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00138 - 0.01094), b=3.05 (2.82 - 3.28), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.50 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Fec assumed to be <100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
