Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Sinh thái học
Biển gần đáy; Mức độ sâu 5 - 185 m. Subtropical; 37°N - 20°N, 98°W - 74°W
Western Atlantic: North Carolina to Georgia in the USA and the Gulf of Mexico (from northern Florida to Yucatan).
Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Maturity: Lm 10.8, range 9 - 12.5 cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 7251); common length : 15.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 3815)
Found mainly on mud bottoms.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Sự tái sinh sản | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Ấu trùng
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Các nghề cá: buôn bán nhỏ
Các công cụ
Special reports
Download XML
Các nguồn internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 20.4 - 26.8, mean 23.8 °C (based on 120 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00645 - 0.02141), b=3.03 (2.87 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref.
120179): Trung bình, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 1.4 - 4.4 năm (tmax probably >3; tm=1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (20 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 126 [71, 262] mg/100g; Iron = 1.48 [0.81, 2.70] mg/100g; Protein = 19.7 [18.7, 20.7] %; Omega3 = 0.452 [0.294, 0.735] g/100g; Selenium = 31.2 [15.2, 58.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.25 [2.96, 27.30] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.822 [0.572, 1.178] mg/100g (wet weight);