Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Sinh thái học
Biển Cùng sống ở rạn san hô; Mức độ sâu 1 - 70 m (Ref. 126840), usually 5 - 55 m (Ref. 5288). Subtropical; 43°N - 30°S, 98°W - 5°W
Western Atlantic: Bermuda, Massachusetts, and northern Gulf of Mexico to southern Brazil. Eastern Atlantic: Ascension and St. Helena.
Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 45.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 5288); common length : 30.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 3812); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 1.6 kg (Ref. 40637)
Các tia vây lưng cứng (tổng cộng) : 12; Các vây lưng mềm (tổng cộng) : 10; Tia cứng vây hậu môn: 3; Tia mềm vây hậu môn: 5. Occipital pit present; three to four spines on part of preorbital overlapping maxillary; large white spots on dark background on inner basal part of pectoral fin (unclear in specimens smaller than 3 cm SL) (Ref. 13608).
Found mostly in shallow coral reef and rocky areas. Lies motionless on the bottom (Ref. 9710). Feeds mostly on other fishes and crustaceans. Moderately common below about 5 m depth to at least 55 m. Displays characteristic bright white spots on dark background of pectoral axil when disturbed (Ref. 49392). Anterolateral glandular groove with venom gland (Ref. 57406). Eaten locally and said to taste a bit like chicken. Traded as an aquarium fish at Ceará, Brazil (Ref. 49392).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Sự tái sinh sản | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Ấu trùng
Smith-Vaniz, W.F., B.B. Collette and B.E. Luckhurst, 1999. Fishes of Bermuda: history, zoogeography, annotated checklist, and identification keys. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 4. 424 p. (Ref. 35505)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Human uses
Các nghề cá: buôn bán nhỏ; Bể nuôi cá: Tính thương mại
Các công cụ
Special reports
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.9 - 28, mean 25.6 °C (based on 770 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01514 (0.00987 - 0.02321), b=3.00 (2.87 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref.
120179): thấp, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 4.5 - 14 năm (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 26.5 [10.7, 67.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.53 [0.27, 1.47] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [17.6, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.293 [0.127, 0.806] g/100g; Selenium = 16.8 [7.9, 40.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 58.3 [19.9, 179.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.815 [0.541, 1.238] mg/100g (wet weight);
