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South America: Amazon and Orinoco River basins; north and eastern Guiana Shield rivers.
Größe / Gewicht / Alter
Geschlechtsreife: Lm? range ? - ? cm Max length : 41.5 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 111518); max. veröff. Gewicht: 2.5 kg (Ref. 27188)
Gregarious and non-aggressive (Ref. 27188). Individuals prefer calm zones of main rivers where the vegetation hangs over the river banks. Migratory behaviour is undetermined (Ref. 126106). Adults feed on the leaves of river plants (Ref. 12225). They possess powerful dentition that can cause serious bites. Reproduction has not yet been carried out in captivity (Ref. 27188).
The red hooked anal fin of the female is actually a plough. The male has a bilobed anal fin which is designed to wrap around the female's "hook". During spawning, the female inserts the hook into the substrate (e.g., gravel) and ploughs a furrow while laying the eggs with the male in a position next to her with his bi-lobed fin wrapped around the hook as he fertilises the eggs. The female's "hook" is suprisingly strong and can be pushed into coarse gravel (up to the anal opening) without any problem with a shaking body action, the male's bilobed hook folds under the same pressure so they can work in unison (Ref. 55767).
Phylogenetischer Diversitätsindex (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02344 (0.01389 - 0.03957), b=2.97 (2.82 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).
Trophische Ebene (Ref. 69278): 2.0 ±0.00 se; based on food items.
Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref. 120179): hoch, Verdopplung der Population dauert weniger als 15 Monate. (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Anfälligkeit der Fischerei (Ref. 59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (32 of 100). 🛈
