分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
石首魚科 (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Cynoscion: Greek, kyon = dog + Greek, odous = teeth + Greek, skion, skiaina = barbel, red mullet (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Cuvier.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 ? - 30 m (Ref. 3702). 熱帶; 15°N - 29°S, 78°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: Venezuela to Santos, Brazil.
西大西洋: 委內瑞拉到巴西的桑托斯。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 32.1 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 92.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3702); 78.0 cm TL (female); common length : 50.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3702); 最大體重: 3.0 kg (Ref. 5217)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 22 - 25; 臀棘: 2; 臀鰭軟條: 8 - 10. Silvery greenish to greyish on back, whitish on belly. Tip of dorsal fin darkish. Upper rays of pectoral fins, anterior part of anal fin and caudal fin yellowish. Mouth large, oblique, lower jaw projecting. Upper jaw with a pair of large canine-like teeth at tip. Gradually increasing in size posteriorly. Chin without barbel or pore, snout with 2 marginal pores. Gas bladder with a pair of long and straight horn-like appendages. Scales very small, all cycloid (smooth) with 140 or more transverse scales above lateral line. Soft portion of dorsal fin covered with scales beyond basal half of fin (Ref 51721).
銀色的呈綠色到略灰色的背面, 微白色的在腹面上。 背鰭的頂端微暗的。 胸鰭的上面鰭條, 臀鰭與尾鰭的前部淡黃色的。 嘴大的, 斜的, 下頜突出的。 在頂端上頜有一對大的像犬齒一樣的齒。 逐漸地在後部地在大小方面增加。 沒有觸鬚或者孔的下巴,吻部有 2個邊緣的孔。 氣鰾有一對長且直像觸角一樣的附肢。 鱗片非常小的, 所有的圓形 (平滑的) 與 140個或更多橫跨的鱗片在側線上面。 背鰭的柔軟部位覆蓋著鱗片超過基部一半的鰭 (參考文獻 51721)了。
Usually found over mud and sandy bottoms in river estuaries and in marine areas from the coastline to about 30 m depth. Marketed mostly fresh.
在河口與海洋的區域從海岸線中通常發現於泥與砂質底部之上到大約 30 公尺深。 市場上大部份生鮮地銷售。
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
西大西洋: 委內瑞拉到巴西的桑托斯。
Chao, L.N., 1978. Sciaenidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). Volume 4. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3702)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.1 - 28, mean 27.5 °C (based on 306 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00724 (0.00480 - 0.01093), b=3.07 (2.95 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.7 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Generation time: 7.3 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (57 of 100).
