分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sparidae (Porgies)
Etymology: Sparus: Latin, sparus = a fish with a golden head (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; 深度上下限 1 - 150 m (Ref. 35388), usually 1 - 30 m (Ref. 54890). 亞熱帶的; 62°N - 15°N, 17°W - 43°E (Ref. 54890)
Eastern Atlantic: British Isles, Strait of Gibraltar to Cape Verde and around the Canary Islands; also in the Mediterranean (Ref. 3688). Reported from the Black Sea (Ref. 12781). Reports from New Zealand refer to Pagrus auratus (Foster 1801) (Ref. 5755, 9258).
東大西洋: 英國人成為島嶼, 到維德角的直布羅陀海峽與加納利群島的周圍。 也在地中海中。 來自紐西蘭的報告指的是 金赤鯛〔Pagrus auratus〕 (收養的 1801) 。 (參考文獻 5755,9258) 記錄來自黑海了。 (參考文獻 12781)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 36.5, range 33 - 40 cm
Max length : 70.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 35388); common length : 35.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 4781); 最大体重: 17.2 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年龄: 11 年 (Ref. 7253)
背棘 (总数) : 11; 背的软条 (总数) : 13 - 14; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 11 - 12. Body tall, with large black spot on the gill cover. Snout more than twice as long as the eye diameter (Ref. 35388).
身体高的, 与大的黑色斑点在鳃盖上。 吻超过两倍长于眼直径.(参考文献 35388)
Found in seagrass beds and sandy bottoms as well as in the surf zone commonly to depths of about 30 m, but adults may occur to 150 m depth. A sedentary fish, either solitary or in small aggregations. In spring, they often occur in brackish water coastal lagoons and estuaries. Mainly carnivorous, accessorily herbivorous (Ref. 3688). Feed on shellfish, including mussels and oysters. One of the most important fishes in saline and hypersaline aquaculture. Utilized fresh and eaten steamed, pan-fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9987).
栖息于海草床与砂质底部以及在海浪区中通常到深度大约 30 公尺, 但是成鱼可能对 150 公尺深出现。 一个定栖的鱼, 单独出现或形成小群鱼群。 在春天, 时常出现于半淡咸水岸边泻湖与河口中。 主要肉食性, 附从食草.(参考文献 3688) 吃贝,包括贻贝与牡蛎。 在咸度与高盐度水产业最重要鱼之一。 生鲜使用而且清蒸, 油锅炸的，火烤的, 煮沸了, 微波了而且烧烤了.(参考文献 9987)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔鱼
Males become females at about 3 years of age (Ref. 2715, 28504). Protandric hermaphrodite species, maturing first as male (during the first or second year of age) and after the second or third year of age, as female. Spawning happens generally from October to December, with sequenced spawning during the whole period. Incubation lasts about 2 days at 16-1 7°C. Larval stages last about 50 days at 1 7.5°C or about 43
days at 20°C. Egg size 0.9-1.1 mm, larval length at hatching 2.5-3.0 mm. Simultaneous hermaphroditism is suggested for this species (Ref. 103751).東大西洋: 英國人成為島嶼, 到維德角的直布羅陀海峽與加納利群島的周圍。 也在地中海中。 來自紐西蘭的報告指的是 金赤鯛〔Pagrus auratus〕 (收養的 1801) 。 (參考文獻 5755,9258) 記錄來自黑海了。 (參考文獻 12781)
Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990. Sparidae. p. 790-812. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3688)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 养殖: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 12.1 - 21, mean 17.8 °C (based on 258 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01202 (0.01084 - 0.01334), b=3.02 (2.99 - 3.05), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 4.2 (3.0 - 8.5) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 11
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.28; tmax=11; tm=2-3).
Prior r = 0.57, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.85, Based on 7 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (41 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 63.3 [38.3, 117.5] mg/100g; Iron = 1.03 [0.59, 1.80] mg/100g; Protein = 20.2 [19.2, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.655 [0.431, 1.017] g/100g; Selenium = 2 [1, 6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.74 [2.44, 37.29] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.315 [0.167, 1.197] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
