分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sparidae (Porgies)
鯛科 (Porgies)
Etymology: Sparus: Latin, sparus = a fish with a golden head (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 1 - 150 m (Ref. 35388), usually 1 - 30 m (Ref. 54890). 亞熱帶的; 62°N - 15°N, 17°W - 43°E (Ref. 54890)
Eastern Atlantic: British Isles, Strait of Gibraltar to Cape Verde and around the Canary Islands; also in the Mediterranean (Ref. 3688). Reported from the Black Sea (Ref. 12781). Reports from New Zealand refer to Pagrus auratus (Foster 1801) (Ref. 5755, 9258).
東大西洋: 英國人成為島嶼, 到維德角的直布羅陀海峽與加納利群島的周圍。 也在地中海中。 來自紐西蘭的報告指的是 金赤鯛〔Pagrus auratus〕 (收養的 1801) 。 (參考文獻 5755,9258) 記錄來自黑海了。 (參考文獻 12781)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 36.5, range 33 - 40 cm
Max length : 70.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 35388); common length : 35.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4781); 最大體重: 17.2 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年齡: 11 年 (Ref. 7253)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 13 - 14; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 11 - 12. Body tall, with large black spot on the gill cover. Snout more than twice as long as the eye diameter (Ref. 35388).
身體高的, 與大的黑色斑點在鰓蓋上。 吻超過兩倍長於眼直徑.(參考文獻 35388)
Found in seagrass beds and sandy bottoms as well as in the surf zone commonly to depths of about 30 m, but adults may occur to 150 m depth. A sedentary fish, either solitary or in small aggregations. In spring, they often occur in brackish water coastal lagoons and estuaries. Mainly carnivorous, accessorily herbivorous (Ref. 3688). Feed on shellfish, including mussels and oysters. One of the most important fishes in saline and hypersaline aquaculture. Utilized fresh and eaten steamed, pan-fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9987).
棲息於海草床與砂質底部以及在海浪區中通常到深度大約 30 公尺, 但是成魚可能對 150 公尺深出現。 一個定棲的魚, 單獨出現或形成小群魚群。 在春天, 時常出現於半淡鹹水岸邊潟湖與河口中。 主要肉食性, 附從食草.(參考文獻 3688) 吃貝,包括貽貝與牡蠣。 在鹹度與高鹽度水產業最重要魚之一。 生鮮使用而且清蒸, 油鍋炸的﹐火烤的, 煮沸了, 微波了而且燒烤了.(參考文獻 9987)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Males become females at about 3 years of age (Ref. 2715, 28504). Protandric hermaphrodite species, maturing first as male (during the first or second year of age) and after the second or third year of age, as female. Spawning happens generally from October to December, with sequenced spawning during the whole period. Incubation lasts about 2 days at 16-1 7°C. Larval stages last about 50 days at 1 7.5°C or about 43
days at 20°C. Egg size 0.9-1.1 mm, larval length at hatching 2.5-3.0 mm. Simultaneous hermaphroditism is suggested for this species (Ref. 103751).東大西洋: 英國人成為島嶼, 到維德角的直布羅陀海峽與加納利群島的周圍。 也在地中海中。 來自紐西蘭的報告指的是 金赤鯛〔Pagrus auratus〕 (收養的 1801) 。 (參考文獻 5755,9258) 記錄來自黑海了。 (參考文獻 12781)
Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990. Sparidae. p. 790-812. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3688)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 12.1 - 21, mean 17.8 °C (based on 258 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01202 (0.01084 - 0.01334), b=3.02 (2.99 - 3.05), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 4.2 (3.0 - 8.5) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 11
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.28; tmax=11; tm=2-3).
Prior r = 0.57, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.85, Based on 7 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (41 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 63.3 [38.3, 117.5] mg/100g; Iron = 1.03 [0.59, 1.80] mg/100g; Protein = 20.2 [19.2, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.655 [0.431, 1.017] g/100g; Selenium = 2 [1, 6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.74 [2.44, 37.29] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.315 [0.167, 1.197] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
