Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut berasosiasi dengan karang; kisaran kedalaman 20 - 60 m (Ref. 5217). Tropical; 33°N - 33°S, 99°W - 30°W
Western Atlantic: Florida Keys (USA), Bermuda, and Bahamas to Brazil. Found throughout the West Indies; absent in Colombia (Ref. 3798).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm 30.5, range 30 - ? cm
Max length : 79.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 40637); common length : 50.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 5217); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 7.1 kg (Ref. 40637)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 12; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 15 - 17; Duri dubur: 3; Sirip dubur lunak: 7 - 8. Scale rows immediately below lateral line oblique (Ref. 26938). Usual color phase dull silvery, the fins largely gray; no black pigment below upper margin of preopercle; the dorsal and caudal fins of subadults and the back above a line from dorsal base to lower margin of caudal fin are often blackish (Ref. 13442).
Inhabits seagrass beds, sand flats, coral reefs, and wrecks (Ref. 9710). Found in pairs or larger schools (Ref. 3798). Feeds on benthic invertebrates (Ref. 3798). Has been observed to nose into the sand to eat such subsurface invertebrates as peanut worms and heart urchins (Ref. 13442). Marketed fresh (Ref. 3798).
Oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (Ref. 205).
Cervigón, F., 1993. Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Volume 2. Fundación Científica Los Roques, Caracas,Venezuela. 497 p. (Ref. 9626)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435)
ancaman kepada manusia
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30303)
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial; Ikan buruan: ya; Akuarium: Akuarium publik
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.1 - 27.6, mean 25 °C (based on 110 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01202 (0.00775 - 0.01866), b=3.00 (2.87 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (K=0.19-0.20; tm=3.5; Fec=800,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (45 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 27 [10, 49] mg/100g; Iron = 0.501 [0.272, 0.902] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [17.5, 21.1] %; Omega3 = 0.118 [0.067, 0.188] g/100g; Selenium = 40.5 [24.4, 65.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 52.4 [21.5, 124.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.01 [0.72, 1.45] mg/100g (wet weight);
