Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut dasar (demersal); kisaran kedalaman 18 - 100 m (Ref. 5217), usually 40 - 70 m (Ref. 9626). Tropical; 37°N - 33°S, 98°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA and Puerto Rico to Santa Catarina, Brazil (Ref. 57756). Absent in the Bahamas, Bermuda, and the western Caribbean (Ref. 26938).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm 14.6  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 26938); common length : 20.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 3792); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 180.00 g (Ref. 126891)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 8; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 8; Duri dubur: 2; Sirip dubur lunak: 6. Oblique dark bars across both lobes of caudal fin (Ref. 26938).
Found over mud and sand bottoms (Ref. 3792). Juveniles up to 8 cm are pelagic (Ref. 9626). Feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates (Ref. 3792). Flesh considered good quality; marketed fresh and frozen (Ref. 3792). In southwestern Brazil found in 112 m depth (Ref. 47377).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435)
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 19.5 - 27.3, mean 24.5 °C (based on 127 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00955 (0.00806 - 0.01131), b=3.11 (3.08 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.7 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 3.1 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (31 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 157 [89, 302] mg/100g; Iron = 1 [0, 2] mg/100g; Protein = 17.4 [15.4, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.291 [0.165, 0.535] g/100g; Selenium = 53.4 [28.0, 103.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 27 [9, 94] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.07 [0.66, 1.52] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.