Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
экология
морской батидемерсальный; пределы глубины 40 - 700 m (Ref. 5217), usually 40 - 179 m (Ref. 47377). Deep-water; 36°N - 45°S, 97°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Argentina.
Size / Вес / Возраст
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 67.5 cm TL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 55642); common length : 45.0 cm TL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 3787)
Inhabits soft bottoms (Ref. 5217). Feeds mainly on fishes (Ref. 3787). Considered a good food fish; marketed fresh or frozen (Ref. 3787).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | размножение | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | личинки
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Статус Красного Списка МСОП (Ref. 130435)
Угроза для людей
Harmless
Использование человеком
рыболовство: не имеет хозяйственного значения
дополнительная информация
инструменты
Специальные отчеты
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 17.3 - 27, mean 22.6 °C (based on 285 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01148 (0.00693 - 0.01903), b=3.01 (2.86 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 7.0 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
устойчивость к внешним воздействиям (Ref.
120179): низкий, минимальное время удвоения популяции 4.5-14 лет (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Prior r = 0.56, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.83, Based on 2 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (55 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 22.2 [10.8, 46.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.462 [0.241, 0.856] mg/100g; Protein = 19.9 [16.3, 22.5] %; Omega3 = 0.32 [0.14, 0.78] g/100g; Selenium = 11.5 [4.0, 36.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 16.6 [3.8, 76.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.23 [0.12, 0.75] mg/100g (wet weight);