Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; demersal; depth range ? - 100 m (Ref. 27569). Temperate; 3°S - 54°S, 82°W - 70°W
Southeast Pacific: Tumbes, Peru to Magellanes, Chile.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 51.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 95867); max. published weight: 1.6 kg (Ref. 53696)
On muddy bottoms or sandy and rocky bottoms. Spawns during spring.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Reproduction | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae
Rosa, I.L. and R.S. Rosa, 1997. Systematic revision of the South American species of Pinguipedidae (Teleostei, Trachinoidei). Revta Bras. Zool. 14(4):845-865. (Ref. 27569)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: of no interest
Tools
Special reports
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Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00912 (0.00510 - 0.01632), b=3.06 (2.90 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 41.6 [23.5, 77.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.376 [0.220, 0.656] mg/100g; Protein = 17.5 [15.3, 19.4] %; Omega3 = 0.372 [0.206, 0.643] g/100g; Selenium = 14.7 [7.4, 29.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 18.5 [5.4, 64.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.521 [0.369, 0.730] mg/100g (wet weight);