Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Dasyatidae (Stingrays) > Hypolophinae
Etymology: Pastinachus: Latin, pastinaca = a sting ray (Ref. 45335).
Issue
This species which is similar to Pastinachus ater, an Indo-West Pacific species, is found only in Northwestern Indian Ocean. Erroneous information will be deleted.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水 礁区鱼类; 非产卵性溯降河的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 60 m (Ref. 6871). 熱帶
Northwestern Indian Ocean: Red Sea to Pakistan.
印度-西太平洋: 紅海, 波斯灣與南非至密克羅尼西亞,北至日本, 南至美拉尼西亞與阿拉弗拉海.(參考文獻 9819)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 98.0, range 96 - 100 cm
Max length : 183 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 37816); common length : 65.0 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 27550)
背棘 (总数) : 0. A large, plain, dark stingray with an angular snout and pectoral disc; tail long and broad-based, less than twice body length, and with no upper caudal finfold but with high lower caudal finfold- 2 to 3 times depth of tail but not reaching tail tip; no large thorns; 1 or 2 long stings on tail, further behind tail base than in most stingrays; unique hexagonal, high-crowned teeth (Ref. 5578). Dark brown or black dorsally without conspicuous markings, white ventrally (Ref. 5578). Tail black (Ref. 3263).
一个大的，单色的，和深色的 有一个有角的吻与胸盘; 尾部长而基底宽的, 小于两倍体长, 而且没有上尾部的鳍褶但是有高的下尾部的鳍褶- 2 到 3 倍高于尾部但是不达到尾部顶端; 没有大的刺; 在尾部上的 1 或 2 长的刺, 在尾部基底更后面超过在大部分的 中; 独特的六角形又高冠的齿.(参考文献 5578) 深褐色或黑色的背面没有显着的斑纹, 腹侧白色的.(参考文献 5578) 尾部黑色.(参考文献 3263)
Found in lagoons, reef flats, and reef faces (Ref. 12951). Also in rivers far from the sea (Ref. 5578). Feeds on bony fishes, worms, shrimp, and crabs (Ref. 12951). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Adults are sometimes accompanied by remoras or members of the trevally family (Ref. 6871). Size at birth about 18 cm WD or larger (Ref. 6871). Flesh utilized as food and skin used for polishing wood (Ref. 4832). Possibly caught by sports anglers (Ref. 5578). Recently there is a targeted fishery on this species for its skin, which is used as 'shagreen' in fashion accessories, from wallets to fancy pens; as a result, the species is in danger of disappearance (IHT 26.11.2005, p.5). Maximum length about 300 cm TL (Ref. 30573).
发现于舄湖，礁石平台与礁面了。 (参考文献 12951) 也在河中远离海洋。 (参考文献 5578) 吃硬骨鱼类，蠕虫，虾与螃蟹。 (参考文献 12951) 卵胎生的.(参考文献 50449) 成鱼有时被伴随着鲹科鱼类该科的印鱼或成员。 (参考文献 6871) 出生时的大小大约 18 公分 WD 或比较大的.(参考文献 6871) 鱼肉利用当作食物，而且皮肤用来了抛光木材。 (参考文献 4832) 可能地被运动垂钓者捕获了。 (参考文献 5578) 最近对于它的皮肤在这种上有一个被锁定的渔場,是在方式配件中用作 '鯊魚皮', 從皮夾到想像力鋼筆; 作為一個結果, 此魚種在消失的危險方面。 (IHT 26.11.2005, p.5) 最大的長度大約 300 公分TL.(參考文獻 30573)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Size at birth ~ 18 cm WD (Ref.58048). 印度-西太平洋: 紅海, 波斯灣與南非至密克羅尼西亞,北至日本, 南至美拉尼西亞與阿拉弗拉海.(參考文獻 9819)
Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens, 1994. Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)
临近濒危 (NT) (A2d+3d); Date assessed: 07 February 2017
人类利用
渔业: 低经济; 水族馆: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.7 - 29.1, mean 28.2 °C (based on 1694 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.60 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (Assuming Fec<10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 8.51 [1.64, 34.97] mg/100g; Iron = 0.364 [0.085, 0.964] mg/100g; Protein = 22.9 [19.9, 26.0] %; Omega3 = 0.102 [0.029, 0.298] g/100g; Selenium = 31.4 [9.0, 84.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 33 [12, 99] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.851 [0.416, 1.706] mg/100g (wet weight);
