Elasmobranchii (hajar och rockor) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Rhinopteridae (Cownose rays)
Etymology: Rhinoptera: Greek, rhinos = nose + Greek,pteron = fin, wing (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Müller & Henle.
Miljö: miljö / Klimatzon / djupintervall / distributionsområde
Ekologi
marina; brackvatten revassocierade. Tropical; 30°N - 15°S, 55°E - 135°E (Ref. 114953)
Indo-West Pacific: Oman to the Philippines; north to Ryukyu Is.; south to eastern Indonesia.
Storlek / Vikt / Ålder
Könsmognad: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 165 cm WD hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 114953); publicerad maxvikt: 4.5 kg (Ref. 3965)
Kort beskrivning
Bestämningsnycklar | Morfologi | Morfometri
Double-lobed snout and indented forehead; jaws usually with 7 rows of plate-like teeth; no caudal fin (Ref. 5578). Brown above, white below (Ref. 5578).
Body shape (shape guide): other.
Found in bays, estuaries, and near coral reefs (Ref. 12951), over sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 9710). Usually solitary or in small aggregations (Ref. 114953). However, large schools with up to 500 individuals have been reported (Ref. 12951). Feeds on clams, oysters and crustaceans (Ref. 12951). Lives to over 2 years in captivity (Ref. 12951). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Edible (Ref. 30573). Caught mainly by gill net fisheries (Ref. 114953), occasionally by bottom trawl, demersal inshore gillnet and tangle net fisheries. Utilized for its meat (Ref. 58048).
Livscykel och parningsbeteende
Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Ägg | Fekunditet | Larver
Males court by nipping the female's dorsum. Mating pair orient in a venter to venter position, and the male inserts one or both claspers. The pair usually rests on the substrate, with the female on top of the male. Mating lasts about 30 seconds (Ref. 12951) to 1 minute (Ref. 49562). Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Size at birth ~60 cm WD. One large pregnant female (~130 cm WD) contained a single late-term embryo 61 cm WD (Ref.58048).
Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor, 2016. Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)
Status på IUCN:s rödlista (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Mänskliga användningsområden
Fiskeri: kommersiell; sportfisk: ja
Verktyg
Särskilda rapporter
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Uppskattningar baserade på modeller
Önskad temperatur (Ref.
123201): 24.2 - 29.2, mean 28.4 °C (based on 3123 cells).
Index för fylogenetisk mångfald (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00641 - 0.01964), b=2.94 (2.78 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.24 se; based on food items.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Mycket låg, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid mer än 14 år (Fec=1-2).
Sårbarhet i fisket (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (83 of 100).
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Näringsämnen (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 5.55 [0.68, 83.89] mg/100g; Iron = 0.366 [0.030, 4.005] mg/100g; Protein = 20.9 [15.6, 26.2] %; Omega3 = 0.0676 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 30.8 [5.7, 156.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 18.7 [1.7, 205.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.824 [0.056, 9.302] mg/100g (wet weight);